How Time Flies

Non- organisational giving medication From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation, search non presidential termal composition redirects here. For different economic consumptions, see nongovernmental organization (disambiguation). This article may shoot to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedias quality standards. You put up help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (January 2012) A non-governmental organization (nongovernmental organization) is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any form of government.The condition originated from the unite Nations (UN), and is unremarkably use to refer to organizations that atomic number 18 not a component of the government and atomic number 18 not constituted for-profit business. In the causal agents in which nongovernmental organizations argon funded totally or conk outially by governments, the nongovernmental organization chief( prenominal)tains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization. The term is usually applied only to organizations that pursue enormousr br separately aims that shit governmental aspects, but argon not openly governmental organizations such(prenominal) as political parties. The count of nongovernmental organizations operating in the United States is estimated at 40,000. 1 multinational flecks atomic number 18 even uplifteder Russia has 277,000 nongovernmental organizations2 India is estimated to go for around 3. 3 million NGOs in year 2009, which is just over iodine NGO per four hundred Indians, and umpteen times the number of primary schools and primary goodness centres in India. 34 Contents * 1 comment * 2 Types * 2. 1 growing, Environment and Human Rights NGOs * 2. 2 Track II Diplomacy * 3 Activities * 3. 1 Operational * 3. 2 campaign * 3. 3 Both * 3. 4 normal traffic * 3. 5 forecast management * 4 Co rporate structure * 4. 1 Staffing * 4. Funding * 4. 3 Overhead costs * 4. 4 Monitoring and control * 5 History * 6 Legal status * 7 Critiques * 7. 1 Challenges to authenticity * 8 See in homogeneous manner * 9 References * 10 Further reading * 11 External cerebrate Definition NGOs are difficult to define and classify, and the term NGO is not used consistently. As a result, in that location are numerous different classifications in use. The most joint use a frame throw that includes taste and level of operation. An NGOs orientation refers to the pillow slip of activities it takes on. These activities expertness include homophile rights, environmental, or evelopment stimulate. An NGOs level of operation indicates the overcome at which an organization works, such as local, transnational or national. Con precedinging the Classification Problem Toward a Taxonomy of NGOs bingle of the earliest mentions of the acronym NGO was in 1945, when the UN was created. The UN, which i s an inter-governmental organization, made it possible for authentic approved specialized multinational non-state agencies or non-governmental organisations to be awarded observer status at its assemblies and some of its meetings. Later the term became used more than widely.Today, jibe to the UN, any kind of cliquish organization that is independent from government control can be termed an NGO, provided it is not-profit, non-criminal and not simply an opposition political party. Professor jibe Willetts, from the University of London, argues the definition of NGOs can be interpret differently by various organizations and depending on a situations context. He defines an NGO as an independent volunteer(prenominal) tie beam of muckle acting together on a continuous home for some common answer other than achieving government office, making notes or illegal activities. 5 In this view, two main types of NGOs are recognized according to the activities they pursue operational NGOs that deliver swear outs and candidature NGOs. Although Willetts proposes the operational and campaigning NGOs as a tool to differentiate the main activities of these organizations, he also explains that a single NGO may oft be engaged in both activities. Many NGOs also see them as mutually reinforcing. Professor Akira Iriye defines NGO as a voluntary nonstate, non-profit-making, nonreligious, and nonmilitary association. 6 Types whatever find it helpful to classify NGOs by orientation and/ Professional association * Empowering orientation NGO type by level of co-operation * Community-based organization * City-wide organization * National NGO * external NGO Apart from NGO, in that location are many alternative or overlapping terms in use, including third domain organization (TSO), non-profit organization (NPO), voluntary organization (VO), cultured society organization (CSO), grassroots organization (GO), social movement organization (SMO), private voluntary organization (PVO), self-help organization (SHO) and non-state actors (NSAs).Non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group. As a result, a long (and sometimes confusing or comical) list of additional acronyms has developed, including * BINGO, inadequate for business-friendly supranationalistic NGO or big supranationalistic NGO * TANGO, adept assistance NGO * TSO, third welkin organization * GONGO, government-operated NGOs (set up by governments to aim like NGOs in golf club to qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of government) * DONGO Donor organize NGO INGO stands for worldwide NGO Oxfam, INSPAD,7 Institute of Peace and schooling A European Think army tank For Peace Initiatives * QUANGOs are quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations, such as the external Organization for Standardization (ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely an NGO, since its membership is by nation, and each nation is represented by what the ISO Council determines to be the most bro adly representative standardisation body of a nation.That body might itself be a nongovernmental organization for example, the United States is represented in ISO by the American National Standards Institute, which is independent of the federal government. However, other countries can be represented by national governmental agencies this is the trend in Europe. ) * National NGO A non-governmental organization that exists only in one coun seek. This term is rare due to the globoseization of non-governmental organizations, which causes an NGO to exist in more than one country. 5 * CSO, short for civil society organization ENGO short for environmental NGO, such as Greenpeace and WWF * NNGO, short for Yankee nongovernmental organization * SNGO, short for sulfurern nongovernmental organization * SCO, also kn take as social change organizations * TNGO, transnational NGO The term step forwardd during the 1970s due to the increase of environmental and economic issues in the global comm unity. TNGO includes non-governmental organizations that are not wrapped to only one country, but exist in two or more countries. * GSO Grassroots offer Organization * MANGO short for market advocacy NGO NGDO non-governmental ontogeny organization USAID refers to NGOs as private voluntary organizations. However, many scholars micturate argued that this definition is highly problematic as many NGOs are in fact state and corporate funded and managed go outs with professional staff. citation fateed NGOs exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of their members or funders. Examples include improving the state of the natural environment, encouraging the observance of human race rights, improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agenda.However, on that point are a huge number of such organizations and their goals cover a broad range of political and philosophical positions. This can also soft be applied to priv ate schools and athletic organizations. Development, Environment and Human Rights NGOs NGOs are organizations that work in many different fields, but the term is generally associated with those seeking social transformation and rectifyments in quality of life. Development NGOs is the most highly visible sector, and includes both global and local organizations, as well as those on the job(p) in humanitarian emergency sector.Many are associated with international aid and voluntary donation, but there are also NGOs that choose not to take funds from donors and try to generate funding in other ways, such as selling handicrafts or charging for services. Environmental NGOs are another sub-sector, and sometimes overlap with development NGOs. An example is Greenpeace. (see List of Environmental NGOs). Just like other NGOs networks, transnational environmental networks might convey a variety of benefits in sharing information with other organizations, campaigning towards an issue, and ex changing contact information.Since international environmental NGOs advocate for different issues like familiar goods, such as pollution in the air, deforestation of areas and water system issues, it is more difficult for them to give their campaigns a human pillow slip than NGOs campaigning directly for human rights issues. whatever of the earliest forms of transnational environmental NGOs started to appear after the Second humanness War with the creation of the internationalistic Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).After the UN was formed in 1945, more environmental NGO started to emerge in order to address more specific environmental issues. In 1946, the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was created with the purpose of advocating and representing scientific issues and collaborationism among environmental NGOs. In 1969, the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) was funded to increase and improv e collaboration among environmentalists. This collaboration was later reinforced and stimulated with the creation of UNESCOs Man and the Biosphere Program in 1971.In 1972, the UN assembly on the Human Environment in Stockholm, tried to address the issues on Swedens p tone down for international intervention on trans-boundary pollution from other European industrialise nations. transnational environmental NGOs have taken on diverse issues around the globe, but one of the best-known cases involving the work of environmental NGOs can be traced approve to Brazil during the 1980s. The United States got involved with deforestation concerns due to the allegations of environmentalists dictating deforestation to be a global concern, and after 1977 the U.S. Foreign Assistance Act added an Environmental and Natural Resources section. Human rights NGOs may also overlap with those in development, but are another distinct category. Amnesty planetary is by chance one of the best-known. Durin g the early 1980s the Brazilian government created the Polonoreste exploitation plan, which the domain rely agreed to finance. The Polonoreste weapons platform aimed to urbanized areas of the amazon, which were already occupied by local endemical groups.Rapid deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon called the attention and intervention of UNESCO, who utilized its Program on Man and the Biosphere to advocate against the Polonoreste program, on the grounds of violating the rights of the indigenous groups living in the Amazon. In the case of deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon, the environment NGOs were able to put force on the adult male Bank to cancel the loans for the Polonoreste program. Due to the leverage that the U. S. has over the bank, in 1985 the homo Bank suspended the financial aid to the Polonoreste Program.The work of environmental NGOs in the Brazilian case was successful because there was a point of leverage that made the targeted actor vulnerable to internati onal pressure. 8 Even though NGOs might have common goals relating to development or environment issues, interests and perspectives are diverse. A distinction can be made amidst the interests and goals among those NGOs located in industrialized countriesoften referred to as the states of the Northand NGOs from nations located in developing countriesreferred to as states of the South.There is sometimes tension between them. Southern states blame the developed nations for over-consumption and pollution resulting from industrialization, and for sustaining inequalities in the international economic system There is also a distinction among groups that take on contingent and specific socio-economic issues. The Womens Environment and Development Organization was created in 1990 with the purpose to advocate for gender comprehension in work related to the priming visor.Other groups might focus on issues that include racial minorities and individuals from pass up income backgrounds. 9 T rack II Diplomacy Main article Track II diplomacy Track II dialogue, or Track II diplomacy, is a transnational coordination that involves non-official members of the government including epistemic communities as well as former policy-makers or analysts. Track II diplomacy aims to get policymakers and policy analysts to come to a common solution through discussions by unofficial figures of the government.Unlike the Track I diplomacy where government officials, diplomats and elected leadinghip gather to talk about certain issues, Track II diplomacy consists of experts, scientists, professors and other figures that are not involved in government affairs. The members of Track II diplomacy usually have more immunity to exchange ideas and come up with compromise on their own. Activities There are also numerous classifications of NGOs. The typology the terra firma Bank uses divides them into Operational and Advocacy10 NGOs vary in their methods.Some act chiefly as lobbyists, while oth ers primarily conduct programs and activities. For instance, an NGO such as Oxfam, concerned with poverty alleviation, might provide motivey hatful with the equipment and skills to find food and clean drinking water, whereas an NGO like the FFDA helps through investigation and documentation of human rights violations and provides legal assistance to victims of human rights abuses. Others, such as Afghanistan Information Management Services, provide specialized technical products and services to support development activities implemented on the ground by other organizations.NGOs were intended to overindulge a gap in government services, but in countries like India, NGOs are gaining a goodly strong sway in decision making. In the interest of sustainability, most donors require that NGOs demonstrate a affinity with governments. State Governments themselves are vulnerable because they lack strategic planning and vision. They are accordingly sometimes tightly bound by a nexus of NG Os, political bodies, commercial organizations and major donors/funders, making decisions that have short term outputs but no long term affect.NGOs in India are under regulated, political, and recipients of braggy government and international donor funds. NGOs often take up responsibilities outside their skill ambit. Governments have no accession to the number of projects or amount of funding received by these NGOs. There is a pressing need to regulate this group while not curtailing their unique occasion as a supplement to government services. Operational Operational NGOs seek to achieve small scale change directly through projects. 5 They tantalise financial imagings, materials and volunteers to create localized programs in the field.They hold large scale fundraising events, apply to governments and organizations for grants and contracts in order to facelift money for projects. They often operate in a hierarchical structure with a main headquarters staffed by professionals w ho plan projects, create computes, keep accounts, report, and communicate with operational fieldworkers who work directly on projects5 Operational NGOs deal with a wide range of issues, but are most often associated with the obstetrical pitch shot of services and welfare, emergency relief and environmental issues.Operational NGOs can be further categorized, one frequently used categorization is the variation into relief-oriented versus development-oriented organizations they can also be classified according to whether they stress service delivery or participation or whether they are religious or secular and whether they are more public or private-oriented. Operational NGOs can be community-based, national or international. The defining military action of operational NGOs is implementing projects. 5 Campaigning Campaigning NGOs seek to achieve large scale change promoted indirectly through do work of the political system. 5 Campaigning NGOs need an efficient and effective group of professional members who are able to keep supporters informed, and motivated. They must(prenominal) plan and host demonstrations and events that give keep their cause in the media. They must maintain a large informed network of supporters who can be mobilized for events to garner media attention and influence policy changes. The defining activity of campaigning NGOs is holding demonstrations. 5 Campaigning NGOs often deal with issues relating to human rights, womens rights, childrens rights. The primary purpose of an Advocacy NGO is to defend or promote a specific cause.As opposed to operational project management, these organizations typically try to raise awareness, acceptance and knowledge by lobbying, press work and activist event. Both It is not whimsical for NGOs to make use of both activities. Many times, operational NGOs will use campaigning techniques if they continually face the same issues in the field that could be remedied through policy changes. At the same time , Campaigning NGOs, like human rights organizations often have programs that assist the individual victims they are trying to help through their advocacy work. 5 Public relationsNon-governmental organizations need healthy family relationships with the public to meet their goals. Foundations and charities use sophisticated public relations campaigns to raise funds and employ standard lobbying techniques with governments. Interest groups may be of political importance because of their ability to influence social and political outcomes. A code of ethics was established in 2002 by The World stand of Non Governmental NGOs. Project management There is an increasing awareness that management techniques are crucial to project success in non-governmental organizations. 11 Generally, non-governmental organizations that are private have either a community or environmental focus. They address varieties of issues such as religion, emergency aid, or humanitarian affairs. They mobilize public s upport and voluntary contributions for aid they often have strong links with community groups in developing countries, and they often work in areas where government-to-government aid is not possible. NGOs are accepted as a part of the international relations landscape, and while they influence national and multilateral policy-making, increasingly they are more directly involved in local action. Corporate structureStaffing Some NGOs are highly professionalized and rely in the main on paid staff. Others are based around voluntary labour and are less formalized. Not all tribe workings for non-governmental organizations are volunteers. Many NGOs are associated with the use of international staff working in developing countries, but there are many NGOs in both North and South who rely on local employees or volunteers. There is some dispute as to whether expatriates should be sent to developing countries. Frequently this type of personnel department is employed to satisfy a donor who wants to see the supported project managed by someone from an industrialized country.However, the expertise these employees or volunteers may be counterbalanced by a number of factors the cost of foreigners is typically higher, they have no grassroot connections in the country they are sent to, and local expertise is often undervalued. 10 The NGO sector is an important employer in terms of numbers. citation needed For example, by the end of 1995, CONCERN worldwide, an international Northern NGO working against poverty, employed 174 expatriates and just over 5,000 national staff working in ten developing countries in Africa and Asia, and in Haiti. FundingWhether the NGOs are small or large, various NGOs need budgets to operate. The amount of budget that they need would differ from NGOs to NGOs. Unlike small NGOs, large NGOs may have annual budgets in the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars. For instance, the budget of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) was ove r US$540 million in 1999. 12 Funding such large budgets demands of import fundraising efforts on the part of most NGOs. Major sources of NGO funding are membership dues, the sale of goods and services, grants from international institutions or national governments, and private donations.Several EU-grants provide funds accessible to NGOs. Even though the term non-governmental organization implies independence from governments, many NGOs depend heavily on governments for their funding. 13 A quarter of the US$162 million income in 1998 of the famine-relief organization Oxfam was donated by the British government and the EU. The Christian relief and development organization World muckle United States collected US$55 million worth of goods in 1998 from the American government.Nobel Prize winner Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) (known in the USA as Doctors Without Borders) gets 46% of its income from government sources. 14 Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according to David Rieff, writing in The unfermented Republic, the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter. 15 Some NGOs, such as Greenpeace do not accept funding from governments or intergovernmental organizations. 1617 Overhead costs Overhead is the amount of money that is spent on running an NGO rather than on projects. 18 This includes office expenses,18 salaries, banking and bookkeeping costs. What percentage of general budget is spent on command processing hit is often used to judge an NGO with less than 10% being viewed as good. 18 The World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations states that ideally more than 80% should be spent on programs (less than 20% on budget items). 19 The orbiculate Fund to Fig ht AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria has specific guidelines on how high overhead can be to receive funding based on how the money is to be spent with overhead often needing to be less than 5-7%. 20 While the World Bank typically allows 10%. 21 A high percentage of overhead to total expenditures can make it more difficult to generate funds. 22 High overhead costs may also generate criticism with some claiming the certain NGOs with high overhead are being run simply to benefit the people working for them. 23 Monitoring and control In a March 2000 report on United Nations Reform priorities, former U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan wrote in upgrade of international humanitarian intervention, arguing that the international community has a right to protect24 citizens of the world against ethnical cleansing, genocide, and crimes against humanity. On the heels of the report, the Canadian government launched the Responsibility to Protect R2P25 project, outlining the issue of humanitarian inte rvention. While the R2P doctrine has wide applications, among the more controversial has been the Canadian governments use of R2P to justify its intervention and support of the coup in Haiti. 26 historic period after R2P, the World Federalist Movement, an organization which supports the creation of democratic global structures accountable to the citizens of the world and call for the division of international causationity among separate agencies, has launched Responsibility to Protect Engaging accomplished Society (R2PCS). A collaboration between the WFM and the Canadian government, this project aims to bring NGOs into lockstep with the principles outlined under the original R2P project.The governments of the countries an NGO works or is registered in may require coverage or other monitoring and oversight. Funders generally require reporting and assessment, such information is not necessarily publicly available. There may also be associations and guard dog organizations that re search and publish details on the actions of NGOs working in particular geographic or program areas. citation needed In recent years, many large corporations have change magnitude their corporate social responsibility departments in an attempt to preempt NGO campaigns against certain corporate practices.As the logic goes, if corporations work with NGOs, NGOs will not work against corporations. In December 2007, The United States Department of Defense Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs) S. Ward Casscells established an foreign Health Division under Force Health Protection & Readiness. 27 Part of International Healths delegation is to communicate with NGOs in areas of mutual interest. Department of Defense Directive 3000. 05,28 in 2005, requires defence reaction to regard stability-enhancing activities as a mission of importance equal to combat.In compliance with international law, DoD has necessarily create a capacity to improve essential services in areas of conflict such as Iraq, where the customary lead agencies (State Department and USAID) find it difficult to operate. Unlike the co-option strategy described for corporations, the OASD(HA) recognizes the neutrality of health as an essential service. International Health cultivates collaborative relationships with NGOs, albeit at arms-length, recognizing their traditional independence, expertise and honest broker status.While the goals of DoD and NGOs may seem incongruent, the DoDs emphasis on stability and security to reduce and prevent conflict suggests, on safekeepingful analysis, important mutual interests. History International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least 1839. 29 It has been estimated that by 1914, there were 1083 NGOs. 30 International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for womens suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference. 31 However, the phrase non-governmental organization only came into universal use with the establishment of the United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter32 for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor member statessee Consultative Status. The definition of international NGO (INGO) is first given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950 it is defined as any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty.The vital role of NGOs and other major groups in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 2733 of Agenda 21, leading to intense arrangements for a consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations. 34 It has been observed that the number of INGO founded or dis solve matches the general state of the world, ascending in periods of growth and declining in periods of crisis. 35 Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries as a r esult of the processes of restructuring of the welfare state.Further globalization of that process occurred after the fall of the communist system and was an important part of the Washington consensus. 13 globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs. Many problems could not be solved deep down a nation. International treaties and international organizations such as the World Trade Organization were centred mainly on the interests of capitalist enterprises. In an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasize humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable development.A prominent example of this is the World Social meeting place, which is a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held annually in January in Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in January 2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs. 36 In terms of environmental issues and sustainable development, the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992 was the first to show the power of international NGOs, when about 2,400 representatives of NGOs came to play a commutation role in deliberations.Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the worthless. whatever the case, NGO transnational networking is now extensive. 37 Legal status The legal form of NGOs is diverse and depends upon homegrown variations in each countrys laws and practices. However, four main family groups of NGOs can be found worldwide38 * Unincorporated and voluntary association * Trusts, charities and foundations * Companies not just for profit Entities formed or registered under special NGO or nonprofit laws The Council of Europe in Strasbourg drafted the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations in 1986, which sets a common legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe. Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights protects the right to freedom of association, which is also a fundamental norm for NGOs. Critiques Stuart Becker provides the by-line summary of the primary critiques of NGOs Theres a debate that, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the poor.Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in a anti-Semite(a) manner in Third World countries and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during the colonial era. Philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics. 39 Issa G. Shivji is one of Africas leading experts on law and development issues as an author and academic. His critique on NGOs is found in two essays calm downs in NGO discourse The role and upcoming of NGOs in Africa and Reflections on NGOs in Tanzania What we are, what we are not and what we ought to be.Shivji argues that despite the good intentions of NGO leaders and activists, he is critical of the objective effects of actions, regardless of their intentions. 40 Shivji argues also that the sudden rise of NGOs are part of a neoliberal paradigm rather than pure altruistic motivations. He is critical of the current manifestations of NGOs wanting to change the world without understanding it, and that the imperial relationship continues today with the rise of NGOs. James Pfeiffer, in his case study of NGO involvement in Mozambique, speaks to the negative effects that NGOs have had on areas of health within the country.He argues that over the last decade, NGOs in Mozambique have fragmented the local health system, undermined local control of health programs, and contributed to growing local social inequality 41 He notes further that NGOs can be uncoordinated, creating parallel projects among different organizations, that pull health service workers away from their routine duties in order to serve the interests of the NGOs. This last undermines local primary health care efforts, and takes away the governments ability to maintain agency over their own health sector. 42 J. Pfeiffer suggested a upstart model of collaboration between the NGO and the DPS (the Mozambique Provincial Health Directorate). He mentioned the NGO should be formally held to standard and adherence within the host country, for example reduce showcase projects and parallel programs that proves to be unsustainable. 43 Jessica Mathews once wrote in Foreign Affairs in 1997 For all their strengths, NGOs are special interests. The best of them often suffer from tunnel vision, judging every public act by how it affects their particular interest. 44 Since NGOs do have to worry about policy trade-offs, the overall impact of their cause might bring more harm to society. 45 Vijay Prashad argues that from the 1970s The World Bank, under Robert McNamara, championed the NGO as an alternative to the state, leaving intact global and regional relations of power and prod uction. 46 Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist47 in nature, that they sometimes operate in a racialized manner in third world countries, and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during the high colonial era.The philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics. 48 Popular movements in the global South such as, for instance, the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign in South Africa have sometimes refused to work with NGOs arguing that this will compromise their autonomy. 4950 Another criticism of NGOs is that they are being designed and used as extensions of the normal foreign-policy instruments of certain Western countries and groups of countries. 51 Russian President Vladimir Putin made this accusation at the 43rd Munich Conference on earnest policy in 2007, concluding that these NGOs are formally independent but they are purposefully financed and therefore under control. 52 Also, Michael Bond wrote Most large NGOs, such as Oxfam, the Red Cross, Cafod and Action Aid, are try to make their aid provision more sustainable. But some, mostly in the US, are still merchandise the ideologies of their backers. 53 Indeed, whether the NGOs are adiding for evangelical purposes or their ideological intentions, various NGOs are examined and accused of their nature.There has also been the overwhelming possibility of NGOs using white lies or misinformed advise to enact their campaigns. In other words, NGOs have been quite sottish about critical issues because, as chief scientist at Greenpeace Doug Parr claims, these organizations have lost their efforts in being trully scientific and are now more self-interested. Rather than operating through science so as to be rationally and effectively practical, NGOs are now abusing the utilization of science in order to gain their own advantages.In the beginning, as Parr indicated, there was a tendency among our critics to say that science is the only decision-making too l . . . but political and commerical interests are using science as a cover for getting their way. 54 At the same time, NGOs have shown themselves not to be very cooperative with other groups, as the previous policy-maker for the German branch of Friends of the Earth Jens Katjek acknowledged. If NGOs want the best for the environment, he says, they have to learn to compromise. 55 Challenges to legitimacy The issue of the legitimacy of NGOs raises a series of important questions.This is one of the most important assets possessed by an NGO, it is gained through a perception that they are an independent voice. 5657 Their archetype also emerges as an important question. Who bestows responsibilities to NGOs or INGOs and how do they gain the representation of citizens and civil society is still not scrutinized thoroughly. For instance, in the article, it is stated, To put the point starkly are the citizens of countries of the South and their demand represented in global civil society, or are citizens as well as their needs constructed by practices of representation?And when we realize that INGOs hardly ever come face to face with the people whose interests and problems they represent, or that they are not accountable to the people they represent, matters become even more troublesome. 58 Moreover, the legitimacy and the answerableness of NGOs on the point of their true nature are also emerging as important issues. several(a) perceptions and images on NGOs are provided, and usually implemented in an image as non-state actors or influential representatives of civil society that advocate the citizen. Accountability may be able to provide this and also be able to assist activities by providing focus and direction59 As non-state actors with considerable influence over the governance in many areas, concerns have been expressed over the extent to which they represent the views of the public and the extent to which they allow the public to hold them to account. 60 The origin of funding can have serious implications for the legitimacy of NGOs. In recent decades NGOs have increased their numbers and range of activities to a level where they have become increasingly dependent on a limited number of donors. 60 Consequently competition has increased for funding, as have the expectations of the donors themselves. 61 This runs the risk of donors adding conditions which can adventure the independence of NGOs, an over-dependence on official aid has the potential to dilute the willingness of NGOs to speak out on issues which are unpopular with governments. 57 In these situations NGOs are being held accountable by their donors, which can erode rather than rise their legitimacy, a difficult challenge to overcome. Some commentators have also argued that the changes in where NGOs receive their funding has ultimately altered their functions. 57 NGOs have also been challenged on the grounds that they do not necessarily represent the needs of the developing wor ld, through diminishing the so-called Southern Voice. Some postulate that the North-South division exists in the arena of NGOs. 62 They question the equality of the relationships between Northern and Southern parts of the same NGOs as well as the relationships between Southern and Northern NGOs working in partnerships. This suggests a division of labour may develop, with the North taking the lead in advocacy and resource mobilisation whilst the South engages in service delivery in the developing world. 62 The potential implications of this may mean that the needs of the developing world are not addressed appropriately as Northern NGOs do not properly consult or participate in partnerships. The real danger in this situation is that western views may take the front seat and assign unrepresentative priorities. 63 The flood of NGOs has also been accused of damaging the public sector in multiple developing countries. The mismanagement of NGOs has resulted in the break down of public heal th care systems.Instead of promoting equity and alleviating poverty, NGOs have been under scrutiny for contributing to socioeconomic inequality and disempowering the services in the public sector of third world countries. 64 The scale and variety of activities in which NGOs participate has grown rapidly since the 1980s, witnessing particular elaboration in the 1990s. 65 This has presented NGOs with need to balance the pressures of centralisation and decentralisation. By centralising NGOs, particularly those that operate at an international level, they can assign a common theme or set of goals.Conversely it is also advantageous to deconcentrate as this increases the chances of an NGO behaving flexibly and effectively to localised issues. 66 See also * gentle organization * civilised society * Community foundation * NGO-isation * Non-governmental organizations by country * Non-profit organization * Not just for profit * occupational health and safety * Track II diplomacy Reference s 1. Anheier et al. , Global Civil Society 2001, 2001 2. Hobbled NGOs wary of Medvedev. pelf Tribune. May 7, 2008. 3. India More NGOs, than schools and health centres. OneWorld. net. July 7, 2010.Retrieved 2011-10-07. 4. First official estimate An NGO for every 400 people in India. The Indian Express. July 7, 2010. 5. a b c d e f g h Willetts, Peter. What is a Non-Governmental Organization? . UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems. City University London. Retrieved 18 July 2012. 6. Iriye, Akira (2004). Global community the role of international organizations in the making of the contemporary world (1. paperback print. ed. ). Berkeley, Calif. u. a. Univ. of California public press. ISBN9780520231283. 7. inspad. org 8. Keck and Sikkink. Environmental Advocacy Networks.Books. google. com. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 9. McCormick, John. The portion of Environmental NGOs in International Regimes. Books. google. com. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 10. a b World Bank Criteria defining NGOdead link 11. 100 LSE. ac. uk, Mukasa, Sarah. are expatriate staff necessary in international development NGOs? A case study of an international NGO in Uganda. Publication of the Centre for Civil Society at London School of Economics. 2002, p. 1113. 12. Poll shows power of AIPAC drops slightly. Jewish stark nakeds hebdomadal of Northern California. 1999-12-19. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 13. a b Pawel Zaleski Global Non-governmental Administrative System Geosociology of the Third Sector, in Gawin, Dariusz Glinski, Piotr ed. Civil Society in the Making, IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006 14. Intractable difference of opinion Knowledge Base Project of the Conflict Research Consortium at the University of Colorado. dead link 15. NG-Uh-O The trouble with humanitarianism David Rieff, June 10, 2010, The New Republic 16. Sarah Jane Gilbert (2008-09-08). Harvard Business School, HBS Cases The Value of Environmental Activists. Hbswk. hbs. edu. Retrieved 011-12-20. 17. Greenpeace, Annu al Report 2008 (pdf) 18. a b c http//www. fundsforngos. org/budget-for-ngos/defining-terms-budget/ 19. Code of Ethics & Conduct for NGOs. Retrieved 11 April 2012. 20. National NGOs Serving as PRs Excluded from the Global Funds Policy on Percentage-Based Overhead Costs. 2012. 21. Kuby, Christopher Gibbs Claudia Fumo Thomas (1999). Nongovernmental organizations in World Bank supported projects a review (2. ed. ed. ). Washington, D. C. World Bank. pp. 21. ISBN978-0-8213-4456-9. 22. Crowther, edited by Guler Aras, David (2010).NGOs and social responsibility (1st ed. ed. ). Bingley, UK Emerald. pp. 121. ISBN978-0-85724-295-2. 23. Kassahun, Samson (2004). Social capital for synergic partnership development of poor localities in urban Ethiopia (1. Aufl. ed. ). Gottingen Cuvillier. pp. 153. ISBN978-3-86537-222-2. 24. 1dead link 25. 2dead linkPDF(434KB) 26. Engler, Fenton, Yves, Anthony (2005). Canada in Haiti Waging War on the Poor Majority. Vancouver, Winnipeg RED Publishing. p. 120. ISBN978-1-55266-168-0. Retrieved 2011-10-30. 27. OSD. mil 28. http//www. dtic. mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300005p. df 29. The climbing and Fall of Transnational Civil Society The Evolution of International Non-Governmental Organizations since 1839. By T. R. Davies City University London working(a) Paper. Steve Charnovitz, Two Centuries of fellowship NGOs and International Governance, naut mi ledger of International Law, Winter 1997. 30. Subcontracting Peace The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding. change by Richmond, Oliver P. , and Carey, Henry F. Published by Ashgate, 2005. Page 21. 31. Davies, Thomas Richard (2007). The Possibilities of Transnational Activism the Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars.ISBN978-90-04-16258-7. 32. Charter of the United Nations Chapter Xdead link 33. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Agenda 21 Chapter 27 Strengthening the Role of Non-governmental Organizations Partners for Sustainable Developmen t, Earth Summit, 1992. Habitat. igc. org. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 34. 1996/31. Consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations. Un. org. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 35. Boli, J. and Thomas, G. M. (1997) World Culture in the World Polity A century of International Non-Governmental Organization.American Sociological Review. pp. 177 36. Bartlett, Lauren (2005). NGO modify. Human Rights Brief 12 (3) 4445. 37. Stone, Diane. Transfer Agents and Global Networks in the Transnationalisation of Policy, journal of European Public Policy. austiniskewl, 11(3) 2004 54566. 38. Grant B. Stillman (2007), Global Standard NGOs, Geneva Lulu, pp. 13-14. 39. Stuart Alan Becker (January 28, 2011). The definitive description of a non-government organisation. The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 40. Shivji, Issa G. (2007). Silence in NGO discourse the role and future of NGOs in Africa.Oxford, UK Fahamu. p. 84. ISBN978-0-9545637-5-2. 41. Pfeiffer, J. 2003. Inter national NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique the need for a new model of collaboration. Social scholarship & Medicine 56 (4)725. 42. Pfeiffer, J. 2003. International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique the need for a new model of collaboration. Social Science & Medicine 56 (4)725-738. 43. J. Pfeiffer. (2003). International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique the need for a new model of collaboration. Social Science & Medicine 56 (2003) 725-738 44. Jessica T.Mathews (Jan. Feb. , 1997). Power Shift. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2012-06-01. 45. Bond, M. (2000) The Backlash against NGOs. cyclorama (magazine). 46. Mother Teresa A Communist View, Vijay Prashad, Australian Marxist Review, No. 40 August 1998 47. Abahlali baseMjondoloRethinking Public Participation from below, Critical Dialogue, 2006 48. See his Damming the Flood (Verso, London, 2007. ) 49. Building unity in diversity Social movement activism in the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign, Sophie Ol dfield & Kristian Stokke, 2004 50. Ashraf Cassiem South African Resistance Against Evictions, Marlon Crump, Poor Magazine, 2009 51. NGO The Guise of Innocence, by jennet OConnor, New Left Project, 2012 52. Putin, Vladimir (February 10, 2007). Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy (Speech). 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy. Munich, Germany. Retrieved February 28, 2012. 53. Bond, Michael. The Backlash against NGOs. Prospect, April 2000, pp. 321. bring out 54. Bond, Michael. The Backlash against NGOs. Prospect, April 2000, pp. 323. Print 55. Bond, Michael. The Backlash against NGOs. Prospect, April 200, pp. 323. Print 56. Weber, N. and Christopherson, T. (2002) The influence of non-givernmental organisations on the creation of Natura 2000 during the European policy process. Forest policy and Economics. 4(1), pp. 1-12. 57. a b c Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (2002) NGO Performance and Accountability Introduction and Overview. In E dwards, M. and Hulme, D. , ed. 2002. The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management. UK Earthscan Publications Ltd. Chapter 11. 58. Neera Chandhoke. (2005) How Global Is Global Civil Society? Journal of World-Systems Research, 11, 2, 2005, pp. 326-327. 59. Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (2002) Beyond the Magic Bullet? Lessons and Conclusions. In Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. , ed. 2002. The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management. UK Earthscan Publications Ltd. Chapter 12. 60. a b Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (1996) Too Close for comfort? The impact of official aid on Non-Governmental Organisations. World Development. 24(6), pp. 961-973. 61. Ebrahim, A. (2003) Accountability in practice Mechanisms for NGOs. World Development. 31(5), pp. 813-829. 62. a b Lindenberg, M. and Bryant, C. 2001) Going GlobalTransforming Relief and Development NGOs. Bloomfield Kumarian Press. 63. Jenkins, R. (2001) Corporate Codes of Conduct Self-Regulation in a Global Economy. Technology, Business and Society Programme P aper turn of events 2. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. 64. Pfeiffer, J. 2003. International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique the need for a new model of collaboration. Social Science Medicine 56(4)725-738. 65. Avina, J. (1993) The Evolutionary Life Cycles if Non-Governmental Development Organisations. Public Administration and Development. 13(5), pp. 53-474. 66. Anheier, H. and Themudo, N. (2002) Organisational forms of global civil society Implications of going global. In Anheier, H. Glasius, M. Kaldor, M, ed 2002. Further reading * foretoken Butler, with Thulani Ndlazi, David Ntseng, Graham Philpott, and Nomusa Sokhela. NGO Practice and the Possibility of Freedom Church Land Programme, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa 2007 Churchland. co. zadead link * Olivier Berthoud, NGOs Somewhere between Compassion, Profitability and Solidarity Envio. org. ni, PDF Edinter. net Envio, Managua, 2001 * Terje Tvedt, 19982/2003 Angels of Mercy or Developme nt Diplomats.NGOs Foreign Aid, Oxford James Currey * Steve W. Witt, ed. Changing Roles of NGOs in the Creation, Storage, and airing of Information in Developing Countries (Saur, 2006). ISBN 3-598-22030-8 * Cox, P. N. Shams, G. C. Jahn, P. Erickson and P. Hicks. 2002. Building collaboration between NGOs and agricultural research institutes. Cambodian Journal of Agriculture 6 1-8. IRRI. orgdead link * Ann Florini, ed. The Third Force The Rise of Transnational Civil Society (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Japan Center for International Exchange, 2001). Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders Advocacy Networks in International government. Cornell University Press * Rodney Bruce Hall, and Biersteker, Thomas. The outcome of Private Authority in Global Governance (Cambridge Studies in International Relations, 2003) * Dorthea Hilhorst, The Real World of NGOs Discourses, mutation and Development, Zed Books, 2003 * Joan Roelofs, Foundations and P ublic Policy The Mask of Pluralism (Albany State University of New York Press, 2003). Ian Smillie, Minear, Larry, editors. The Charity of Nations Humanitarian Action in a Calculating World, Kumarian Press, 2004 * Simon Maxwell and Diane Stone. (eds) Global Knowledge Networks and International Development Bridges Across Boundaries (Routledge, 2005 I-xix 1-192). * Sidney Tarrow, The New Transnational Activism, New YorkCambridge University Press, 2005 * Thomas Ward, editor. Development, Social Justice, and Civil Society An Introduction to the Political Economy of NGOs, flawlessness House, 2005 * H. Teegen, 2003. International NGOs as Global Institutions Using Social Capital to Impact Multinational Enterprises and Governments, Journal of International Management. * Jennifer Brinkerhoff, Stephen C. Smith, and Hildy Teegen, NGOs and the Millennium Development Goals Citizen Action to Reduce Poverty, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. * S. Goonatilake. Recolonisation Foreign Funded NGOs in Sri Lan ka, Sage Publications 2006. * Teegen, H. Doh, J. , Vachani, S. , 2004. The importance of nongovernmental organisation in global governance and value creation an international business research agenda in Journal of International Business Studies.Washington Vol. 35, Iss. 6. * K. Rodman, (1998). Think Globally, Punish Locally Nonstate Actors, Multinational Corporations, and Human Rights Sanctions in Ethics in International Affairs, vol. 12. * Grant B. Stillman (2006), NGO Law and Governance a resource book, ADB Institute, Tokyo, ISBN 4-89974-013-1. More useful are regional histories and analyses of the experience of NGOs. Specific works (although this is by no means an exhaustive list) include * T. R. Davies, The Possibilities of Transnational Activism The Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars, Brill, 2007.ISBN 3-598-22030-8 * H. Englund, Prisoners of Freedom Human Rights & the Africa Poor, University of California Press, 2006 * Carrie Meyer, The Economics and Politics of NGOs in Latin America, Praeger Publishers, July 30, 1999 * Chhandasi Pandya. 2006. Private Authority and Disaster Relief The Cases of Post-Tsunami Aceh and Nias. Critical Asian Studies. Vol. 38, No. 2. Pg. 298-308. Routledge Press Taylor & Francis Group * Maha Abdelrahman, Civil Society Exposed The Politics of NGOs in Egypt, The American University in Cairo Press, 2004.Al-Ahram Weekly has done a review of the book. * Sangeeta Kamat, Development hegemony NGOs and The State in India, Delhi, New York Oxford University Press, 2002 * Adama Sow, Chancen und Risiken von NGOs Die Gewerkschaften in greaseball wahrend der Unruhen 2007 EPU Research Papers Issue 03/07, Stadtschlaining 2007 (German) * Lyal S. Sunga, Dilemmas facing INGOs in coalition-occupied Iraq, in Ethics in Action The ethical Challenges of International Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations, edited by Daniel A. Bell and Jean-Marc Coicaud, Cambridge Univ. and United Nations Univ.Press, 2007. * Lyal S. Sunga, NGO Inv olvement in International Human Rights Monitoring, International Human Rights Law and Non-Governmental Organizations (2005) 41-69. * Werker & Ahmed (2008) What do Non-Governmental Organizations do? * Steve Charnovitz, Two Centuries of Participation NGOs and International Governance, Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 18, Winter 1997, at 183-286. * Abahlali baseMjondolo Rethinking Public Participation from Below, Critical Dialogue, 2006 * Akpan S. M (2010) Establishment of Non-Governmental Organizations (In Press). Edward A. L. turner (2010) Why Has the Number of International Non-Governmental Organizations Exploded since 1960? , Cliodynamics, 1, (1). Retrieved from 3 * Eugene Fram & Vicki Brown, How Using the Corporate Model Makes a Nonprofit identity card More Effective & Efficient Third Edition (2011), Amazon Books, Create Space Books. The de facto reference resource for information and statistics on International NGOs (INGOs) and other transnational organisational for ms is the Yearbook of International Organizations, produced by the Union of International Associations. David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji (2009) Non-Governmental Organizations and Development. New York Routledge. * Issa G. Shivji (2007) Silence in NGO Discourse The Role and Future of NGOs in Africa. Nairobi Fahamu. * Jens Steffek and Kristina Hahn (2010) Evaluating Transnational NGOs Legitimacy, Accountability, Representation. New York Palgrave, Macmillan. External links * NGO Search NGO/IGO google custom search engine built by the Govt Documents Round Table (GODORT) of the American Library Association. * Interface journal special issue on NGOs * A brief history of Non-Governmental Organizations Historical Database of International NGOs * Duke University NGO Library * Global Policy Forum The site includes articles on a wide range of aspects of NGOs. * NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations * What is a Non-Governmental Organization? 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