The Role of Bushido in Modern Japan

Bushido, or the way of the warrior, is commonly defined as the moral and behavioral code of the samurai. It is often considered a foundation stone of Japanese culture, both by Japanese people and by outside observers of the country. What are the components of bushido, when did they develop, and how are they applied in modern Japan? Controversial Origins of the Concept It is difficult to say exactly when bushido developed. Certainly, many of the basic ideas within bushido—loyalty to ones family and ones feudal lord (daimyo), personal honor, bravery and skill in battle, and courage in the face of death—have likely been important to samurai warriors for centuries. Amusingly, scholars of ancient and medieval Japan often dismiss bushido and call it a modern innovation from the Meiji and Showa eras. Meanwhile, scholars who study Meiji and Showa Japan direct readers to study ancient and medieval history to learn more about the origins of bushido. Both camps in this argument are right, in a way. The word bushido and others like it did not arise until after the Meiji Restoration—that ​is, after the samurai class was abolished. It is useless to look at ancient or medieval texts for any mention of bushido. On the other hand, as mentioned above, many of the concepts included in bushido were present in Tokugawa society. Basic values such as bravery and skill in battle are important to all warriors in all societies at all times, so presumably, even early samurai from the Kamakura period would have named those attributes as important. The Changing Modern Faces of Bushido In the lead-up to World War II, and throughout the war, the Japanese government pushed an ideology called imperial bushido on the citizens of Japan. It emphasized Japanese military spirit, honor, self-sacrifice, and unwavering, unquestioning loyalty to the nation and to the emperor.   When Japan suffered its crushing defeat in that war, and the people did not rise up as demanded by imperial bushido and fight to the last person in defense of their emperor, the concept of bushido seemed to be finished. In the post-war era, only a few die-hard nationalists used the term. Most Japanese were embarrassed by its connections with the cruelty, death, and excesses of World War II. It seemed like the way of the samurai had ended forever. However, beginning in the late 1970s, Japans economy began to boom. As the country grew into one of the major world economic powers in the 1980s, people within Japan and outside of it once again began to use the word bushido. At that time, it came to mean extreme hard work, loyalty to the company that one worked for, and devotion to quality and precision as a sign of personal honor. News organizations even reported on a sort of company-man seppuku, called karoshi, in which people literally worked themselves to death for their companies.   CEOs in the west and in other Asian countries started to urge their employees to read books touting corporate bushido, in an attempt to replicate Japans success. Samurai stories as applied to business, along with Sun Tzus  Art of War  from China, became best-sellers in the self-help category. When the Japanese economy slowed into stagflation in the 1990s, the meaning of bushido in the corporate world shifted once again. It began to signify the peoples brave and stoic response to the economic downturn. Outside of Japan, the corporate fascination with bushido quickly faded. Bushido in Sports Although corporate bushido is out of fashion, the term still crops up regularly in connection with sports in Japan.  Japanese baseball coaches refer to their players as samurai, and the international soccer (football) team is called Samurai Blue. In press conferences, the coaches and players regularly invoke bushido, which is now defined as hard work, fair play, and a fighting spirit. Perhaps nowhere is bushido more regularly mentioned than in the world of martial arts. Practitioners of judo, kendo, and other Japanese martial arts study what they consider to be the ancient principles of bushido as part of their practice (the antiquity of those ideals is debatable, of course, as mentioned above). Foreign martial artists who travel to Japan to study their sport usually are particularly devoted to an ahistorical, but very appealing, version of bushido as a traditional cultural value of Japan. Bushido and the Military The most controversial usage of the word bushido today is in realm of the Japanese military, and in political discussions around the military. Many Japanese citizens are pacifists, and deplore the use of rhetoric that once led their country into a catastrophic global war. However, as troops from Japans Self-Defense Forces increasingly deploy overseas, and conservative politicians call for increasing military power, the term bushido crops up more and more often. Given the history of the last century, military uses of this very militaristic terminology can only inflame relations with neighboring countries including South Korea, China, and the Philippines.   Sources Benesch, Oleg. Inventing the Way of the Samurai: Nationalism, Internationalism, and Bushido in Modern Japan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Marro, Nicolas. The Construction of a Modern Japanese Identity: A Comparison of Bushido and The Book of Tea,  The Monitor: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 17, Issue1 (Winter 2011).The Modern Re-invention of Bushido, Columbia University website, accessed August 30, 2015.

Comparison of Literacy Rate of Pakistan with SAARC Countries

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS TERM PAPER TOPIC: COMPARISON OF PAKISTAN’S LITERACY RATE WITH SAARC SUBMITTED TO: Dr. ABDUL WAHEED SUBMITTED BY: INBISAT JEHAN ZAFAR SEAT NO.: B0655047 DATED: 29th Sept. 2010 Literacy is a tool for empowering our communities and ourselves. It can free us from many personal, economic and social constraints, by helping to eradicate poverty, reduce child mortality, curb population growth, achieve gender equality and ensure sustainable development, peace and democracy. The goal of the United Nations Literacy Decade is to enable people everywhere to communicate effectively within their own communities and with the outside world. The motto is â€Å"Literacy for All: A†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â€" ª More than 50 million illiterate citizens in Pakistan. ââ€" ª Primary school enrolment was less than 70percent and even in this, as many as 30 percent get dropped out before acquiring basic literacy skills. ââ€" ª NCHD gets funds of Rs. 2.7 billion during the current financial year. [pic] It needs to be highlighted that from census to census the definition of literacy has been undergoing a change, resultantly the literacy figure has vacillated irregularly during the last 5 census. An update of the five censuses is as under; | |Literacy rate |Definition of being literate | | |Male | | |1972 | |40.0 % |50.6 million | Bangladesh being an underdeveloped nation has a literacy rate lower than that of Pakistan. The reason may be that the Bangladesh government cannot afford to allocate large amount of funds to the educational sector. Another reason of Bangladesh’s low literacy rate may be gender disparities. In some areas of the nation, especially the rural areas, educating and sending a girl to school is considered as an act of shame for the family. These, and some other similar factors combined, contribute to the low levels of literacy in the nation. [pic] The Royal Government of Bhutan places a very strongShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Development in Pakistan6755 Words   |  28 PagesTHE CHALLENGES OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN Dr. Nasim Ashraf Abstract This paper explores the challenges posed in the area of human development in Pakistan. Pakistan has made little progress in key indicators of human development - education and health - due to years of neglect in policy making and implementation issues. 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Interpersonal Management and Communication

Question: Discuss about the Interpersonal Management and Communication. Answer: Introduction: Interpersonal communication also known as face-to-face communication is defined as the process through which people exchange their ideas, feelings, meaning and information through either verbal or non-verbal messages. It not only means the actual words/ message being said but also the language, tonal variation, facial expressions, body language and gestures used between the sender and the receipt. Some key elements of interpersonal communication that have been identified are a) the communicators; b) the message; c) noise; d) feedback; e) the channel; and f) the context (Baker, 2013). At the workplaces, it is important to provide feedback in a constructive and an effective manner without being offensive or causing confusions. Under interpersonal communication skills, effective feedback should be heard clearly, understood, and accepted. There are several ways in which the communicator can use to ensure the effectiveness of the feedback provided. One, the feedback provided should focus on behavior and not personality (De Janasz, et al., 2014). Two, the feedback should communicate how the message has affected you. Three, the feedback ought to be specifically focussed on the original message which it intends to respond to. Four, the feedback ought to be timely: the response becomes irrelevant as time passes by. And lastly, the feedback should pick a moment when the communicator is ready for it (Sommer, 2012. Conversely, the recipient of the feedback should be a good listener. He/ she should just listen attentively and stop thinking about the reply. He/ she should conc entrate on the non-verbal elements as well (Beebe, et al., 2014). The application of interpersonal communication is important to the organizations, especially when relating to the employees. First, it helps in giving and collecting information. Second, it helps in maintaining and forming relationship with and among the workers. Third, helps in expressing personal needs as well as in understanding each other (Baker, 2013). Fourth, contribute to solving problems and making decisions. And, lastly, interpersonal communication skills assists in regulating power (Sommer, 2012). References Baker, A., 2013. Feedback and organizations: Feedback is good, feedback-friendly culture is better. Canadian Psychology, 54(4), pp. 260-268. Beebe, S., Beebe, S. Redmond, M., 2014. Interpersonal Communication: relating to others. 7th Edition ed. Boston: Allyn Bacon. De Janasz, S., Crossman, J., Campbell, N. Power, M., 2014. Interpersonal skills in organizations. 2nd ed. North Ryde, NSW: Mc-Graw-Hill Education. Sommer, K. L., 2012. Does constructive performance feedback improve citizenship intentions and job satisfaction? The roles of perceived opportunities for advancement, respect, and mood. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 23(2), pp. 177-201.

Serial Position Effect

Introduction Serial Position Effect describes a situation where the ability to recall items in a list varies as the position of an item on the list changes. It states that items at the start of the list and at the end have a higher chance of been remembered as opposed to items in the middle. Primacy Effect is the tendency to remember an item in the beginning of serialized items.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Position Effect specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, the ability to recall items at the end of a list is called Recency Effect. Reasons have been developed to explain this phenomenon. However, the earliest reason for Primacy Effect is long-term memory while the reason for Recency Effect is immediate memory (Neely LeCompte, 1999). This paper looks into a more detailed look into Serial Position Effect through an analysis of an article that discusses similarity of semantic similarity to irrelevant speech effect (Neely LeCompte, 1999). Research Findings Previous research has found that irrelevant speech has the capacity to disrupt immediate recall of short lists. When the lists to be recalled have a semantic resemblance to the speech, there is significantly little effect in the ability to recall according to Neely LeCompte (1999). Hence, it has an insignificant effect to the Serial Position Effect theory. However, many researchers have delved into this matter with great interest. That is the bedrock for the research conducted by Neely and LeCompte (1999). The researchers carried out one experiment. In experiment one, the researchers ensured that they conduct a series of trials in front of their academic peers who had previously shown interest in this field. The research was designed to remedy previous researches’ perceived weaknesses. The weaknesses were mainly in less participation and the assemblage of the stimuli. A stimulus refers to the items on the li st. The researchers perceived that there was a minimal number of participants in the previous studies and that the stimuli did not adequately capture the extensiveness of a list (Neely LeCompte, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The experiment findings showed that indeed there was a significant increase in the irrelevant speech when the items to be remembered were semantically similar to the lists that participants were to remember. This was because of the serial recall capacity brought about by Serial position effect. This theory’s placement hypothesis shows that an items position matters when asked to recall. In this experiment, the researchers used semantically disruptive words. Hence, the participants found it hard to form a mental pattern in their recall (Neely LeCompte, 1999). This was designed to discredit further the fact that items in a particular list may form a pattern that participants find easy to memorize. However, this was further discredited when studies that are more current showed that Serial Position Effect was not only in semantics but also in visuals (Neely LeCompte, 1999). In relation to irrelevant speech, Serial Position Effect may not be affected. This is because, as original explanations put it, Serial Position Effect is because of long term and virtual memories. Hence, it is possible that the new lists that effectively reduced formations of a pattern did not affect participants in this study. Serial Position Effect is strengthened by these research findings because it effectively follows that ability to recall rests in the Recency and Primacy effects developed. It also discredits possibility of irrelevant speech affecting Serial Position Effect (Neely LeCompte, 1999). Real Life Example In real life, Serial Position Effect is quite possible. It is easier to remember items in the beginning and end of a list. However, this may be because of the emphasis that individuals place on these two places. In games, in school and all competitions, persons at the beginning of a list are lauded and those in the end perceived weakly (Neely LeCompte, 1999). In the English Premier League, it is always quite easy to remember the first teams. Additionally, it is easier to recall teams at the end. While teams that win this competition win the English Premier League trophy, teams that eventually finish at the tail end are punished by relegations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Position Effect specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, it is actually a real life thing to engage those two places in a list. The majority of the teams that lie in the middle do not get any limelight. This is because their position is perceivably irrelevant according to Neely LeCompte (1999). Reference Neely, C.B. LeCompte, C.D. (1999). The Importance of Semantic Similarity to Irrelevant Speech Effect. Memory and Cognition, 27(1): 37-44. Available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03201211#page-2 This essay on Serial Position Effect was written and submitted by user Amber K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An Ordinary Outlook Essays - Lake Forest, Illinois,

An Ordinary Outlook The movie Ordinary People directed by Robert Redford is a very real life movie set in the suburbs of Illinois in the late 1970's. The movie begins early December and ends what seems to me like the following spring. I think the significance of the seasons is that December, representing a dreary lifeless mood, at least for the northwest region, symbolizes death. During this time, Conrad experiences many confrontations with this matter. He has recently witnessed the death of his brother and is struggling to make his appearance seem ?normal?. When the weather begins to get warmer, setting a more renewed atmosphere, Conrad begins to understand his emotions and, therefore, deals with the circumstances of his brother's death better. Conrad Jarrett, the protagonist, is a seventeen-year-old student attending a public high school. Conrad represents more of a heroic figure in this story because he has begun to overcome the overwhelming obstacles of life. This complex individual realizes that love gives one the strength to endure life. However, Con must struggle to cope with the drastic changes occurring in his life. His struggle against these obstacles is the antagonist in the story. Other important characters include Con's mother, Beth; Con's father, Calvin; Con's psychiatrist, Dr.Berger; his friend Karen, and his somewhat girlfriend Jeannine. Beth, a determined perfectionist, is constantly concerned with the way people view her and her family. She wishes for everyone to view her family as ?normal?. She buried all her love with Buck and, therefore, neglects Conrad because she no longer understands how to love. Beth feels that Con had intended to hurt her as much as himself when he had tried to commit suicide. She can only see things in terms of how they affect her, a very selfish mindset. Beth thinks that everyone feels this way and that perhaps she is simply more honest about it. At one point of the movie, Beth states that she does not hate Con for what he has done, but she cannot forgive him for it. In a way, it seems she can not forgive him for surviving. On the flip side of the movie, Calvin or Cal, struggles to understand how he should react to his son's fe elings and actions. Cal feels as if Beth and Con are drifting away in opposite directions, and he doses not know which direction to follow. Con's self confident psychiatrist, Dr.Berger, helps con to express his feelings and encourages him to do what he wants instead of what people expect him to do. Berger is unorganized and spontaneous which works to the benefit of Conrad. Con finds comfort in Berger's friendship and his willingness to listen. Karen is also a valued friend of Conrad. She was in the hospital at the same time he was, and they helped each other get through the hard times. When Con left the hospital, they lost contact until he called her one-day and they met in a restaurant. When talking with Conrad, Karen displays a false sense of enthusiasm for the coming years. Later on in the movie Conrad is shocked when he finds out Karen has committed suicide. This event causes Con to release all his suppressed anguish and let down his shield to his emotions. Jeannine is Conrad's somewhat girlfriend who is there for him and allows him to feel needed, a feeling Con cant seem to find even in his friends at school. She is the only person who really asks Con about what he had felt when he tried to commit suicide. The major conflict in the movie is an internal one between Con and himself. Conrad struggles to cope with the drastic changes occurring in his life. He wants to please everyone. Con will not allow himself to feel or express emotion for fear of becoming vulnerable. There are many other minor conflicts that occur within the story. One example is an external conflict between Conrad and Beth. Con and his mother find it hard to communicate for the fact that both are too unwilling and stubborn to forgive each other. Also, Beth and Calvin experience an external conflict because of the circumstances have caused them to grow apart, and question their love for

To What Extent Does Britains Welfare System Provide for the Needs of Its People Essays

To What Extent Does Britains Welfare System Provide for the Needs of Its People Essays To What Extent Does Britains Welfare System Provide for the Needs of Its People Essay To What Extent Does Britains Welfare System Provide for the Needs of Its People Essay A welfare state is a concept of government where the state plays the primary role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The general term may cover a variety of forms of economic and social organization. 1] There are two main interpretations of the idea of a welfare state: ? A model in which the state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizens. This responsibility in theory ought to be comprehensive, because all aspects of welfare are considered and universally applied to citizens as a right. ?Welfare state can also mean the creation of a social safety net of minimum standards of varying forms of welfare. ?Explanatory Notes? ^ [1] Encyclop? dia Britannica A Brief History of the British Welfare State The primary idea underlying the platform of the British Labour Party was the rather obvious idea that it was part of the governments responsibility to help find solutions to the major social problems facing its citizens. The questions surrounding the possibility of successful Implementation of these solutions at been at the core of the the contention that existed between the opposing political ideologies. The onslaught of German aggression in World War II forced Britain into a situation where it no longer had any choice but to give in to ideological pressures and put them into practice. By the conclusion of the war pretty much all doubt had evaporated in the clouds of bombs as to whether a welfare state policy was practical. Upon the somewhat surprising sweep by the Labour Party into the halls of power in 1945, the United Kingdom underwent a wholesale change in ideology. The Labour Party wasted precious little time in mandating a series of programs aimed directly at revolutionizing every aspect of British society. It initially accomplished through an aggressive agenda involving the nationalization of various systems such as power industries and the the health care and insurance systems, among others. The aim of these moves by the Labour Party was nothing less than full employment throughout the country with the most basic needs to be provided by the government. The intention was certainly good, but the economics failed to take into account the changing nature of the world. England was able to burst out of the post-war gate quicker than many others, especially the losing side, but eventually had to face its own lack of resources, which required borrowing money that was to be paid as the post-war boom continued. That boom, in fact, did not continue and rather than quick repayments, the country fell deeper into debt. Meanwhile the costs of running government programs continued to rise far beyond the capacity to maintain them. Psychologically, the welfare state contributed to the rise of a certain type who expected to be taken care of without contributing. This type is often overdrawn by those opposed to socialist programs, but it nonetheless carries a poisonous strain that must be dealt with. With the rising debt and the subsequent unemployment, however, England failed miserably at dealing with this element. As a result, the Conservative party seized the concept of a nation that succeeded only in producing lazy citizens who expected the government to take care of all their needs. As the economics of the world changed, the architects of the welfare state failed to make adjustments, setting the stage for the deep divide and miserable governance of the 1970s. The Conservative leaders capitalized on the deepest fears about socialism and as a result the Thatcher era was ushered in with a mandate to take any steps necessary to fix the problems. Although deemed a socialist policy of governance, the failings of the British welfare state may rest in that it wasnt socialist enough. Rather than fully commit to a true socialist state, the Labour Party attempt to create a hybrid of socialism and capitalism and as a result the worst aspects of each economic theory served to undo the better aspects. Britains welfare system now needs urgent reform Britains welfare system now needs urgent reform The National Health Service is considered to be one of the best healthcare systems in the world by the World Health Organization. But in recent years, administrative difficulty has become a big problem for fulfilling the need of the British people. Britains benefits bonanza has been laid bare as it emerged 100,000 households rake in more than the average wage in welfare every year. They collect ? 30,899 (Dh182,304) before tax, while many workers an only aspire to an average wage of ? 23,422. Meanwhile 50,000 of those households are entitled to more than ? 500 a week - which adds up to more than ? 26,000 a year. Officials at the Department for Work and Pensions highlighted the figures after the coalition pledged an overhaul of the welfare system to make work pay. Employment Minister Chris Grayling said: Yet again we see more evidence for why reform is so desperately needed. The current wel fare system is not fit for purpose. After a decade of economic boom there are 2. 5 million people on incapacity benefit. It is the whole society’s job to face up to this challenge and take on those who say recession is a convenient excuse to do nothing. We cannot afford to do nothing. We need a robust welfare system able to withstand every twist and turn of the economic cycle. A strong welfare state will help everyone, be flexible enough to adapt to changing circumstances and offer real financial incentives to get people into sustainable work. Bescides this,the British prime minister David Cameron stressed his commitment to cutting the country’s deficit and said an overhaul of the welfare system would soon begin.

How has my writing changed in this semester why Essay

How has my writing changed in this semester why - Essay Example Consequently, I could not boast about great achievements in the beginning; however, I identified my weak points and developed clear goals I wanted to set. My motivation was warmed up by clear assignments, support and help of my mates and comprehensive teaching approach. Now I feel more confident when it comes to writing due to the skills I improved during this course. I have understood the line between formal and informal writing; I avoid using personal pronouns in academic essays. What is even more important, I have learned more about essay and paragraph structures. I used to deliver my thoughts in mess but now I know that every essay should have distinctive introduction, main body and conclusion. It is difficult to underestimate the contribution of my peers to my learning process. Peer-review process showed me how other people perceive what I wrote. It helped me to spot and correct my mistakes, reorganize my paragraphs and avoid meaningless sentences in writing. I started writing on the point, giving more examples, relating abstract things to real life

Social networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social networking - Essay Example Over the years, social networking has replaced a great amount of the traditional, physical communication between people. This reveals that while there are numerous advantages of online social networking, there are also plenty of disadvantages. When someone communicates with a friend or family member over an online social networking website, their attention is often divided. They are usually watching television, eating, doing homework, talking to another person via another medium, or even a combination of the aforementioned. Even though the person they are speaking to is usually unaware of it, they are not getting the complete attention of their friend, who has found other things to busy themselves with. The same can even be said for the person being talked to. Physical communication, on the other hand, means that both people are being given the proper amount of attention. They may be engaged in other activities, but the physical presence of each person will prompt better undivided at tention. They will acknowledge that the other is there, thus allowing more focus on communication, as opposed to something else. Yet another downside of communicating through online social networking websites is that tone and emotion are often misconstrued.

Boeing Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Boeing Case Study - Essay Example It is evident from the study case, that the problem in Boeing was affecting different processes within the company. The whole company was in doubt; the previous admirable performances were ceasing. The stock had previously risen by 6.7%, and it was beginning to fall drastically. The company later began undergoing a series of changes. This was after the company was unable to meet the prevailing demand. It tried its best by doubling it capability, but all was in vain. It got to the extent that the company had stop producing the 747 for 20 working days. This was to the company as it lost a lot of money. From the arguments from the acting president, this was a result a poor organizational structure. Other activities casing the problem are lack of communication. In reference to the culture of the company, it has been doing well through acquisitions, thus forming integration among different companies. The aim of the strategy was to extend its reach, therefore, making the company stronger t hat its opponents. These activities made the company lose the culture. It merged with different organizations, such as the McDonnell Douglas in the year 1997. The step made the company change its operations, as well as, its management trends and centre of administration was transferred to Seattle Chicago. Issues in the management of the company began after the merging action as it lost its culture. McDonnell had a complex culture, based on defense contracts. The merge also came with it, financial issues where $92.5 Million were distributed to shareholders. In the same year, the firm designed new strategies to improve their marketing capabilities. It also hoped that the production would increase the level of production. The firm also employed new strategies to for communication within it. Their stock was also keenly supervised through system. This is evidence that the company, was getting back to its previous position. There was also decentralization of information technology within the firm. This enhanced collaboration between different branches of the company. Toward the end of the month of December 2003, the company had recovered the opportunity to manufacture the 7E7 Jets. From analysis from difference economist, the reason behind the under performance of the company was that it had over promised and under-delivered. It is evident that the plans of the company depend on the producing smaller planes; it also plans to expand its productivity to the extent of purchasing large plans in the future. Market pressure There are diverse pressures that triggered Boeing to effect changes on its operational strategies. A crucial pressure for Boeing was mainly market demand. Market demand markedly increased in 1997, in an attempt to meet all its surplus orders, Boeing instantly doubled its production. Unfortunately, this strategy brought about a severe manufacturing crisis. Worse still, Boeing’s reputation was deteriorating and it called for urgent measures to cur b the situation. It was then that the manufacturing of 747 was abruptly stopped for up to 20 days. Lack of communication within the organization was the main source of the ongoing crisis. However, Boeing termed it as a win at all cost methodology. There has been a series of endless problems at Boeing. Citing a case of the year 1994, shock prevailed among executive managers when Airbus booked more orders than

A Report on Nestle Organisation at the Corporate Level

A Report on Nestle Organisation at the Corporate Level This is an evaluation of Nestlà © in 2008 case study from DeWit and Meyer (2010) Strategy: Process, Content and Context 4th Edition. This report evaluates the strategic process of the company and how it strikes a balance between multiple products, structure and corporate goals. The cross-business synergies within the organization were identified, and the corporate mechanisms to leverage the synergies are discussed. It highlights the importance of cross-business synergy initiatives among the business-units within the Nestlà © corporate structure. Based on the integrated organisation and portfolio organization perspective, the future scenarios of Nestle corporate level strategies were outlined. The corporate growth direction of the company was identified in this process. A short Introduction of Nestlà © Organisation With the establishment of Nestlà © by Henri Nestlà © in the mid-1860s in Switzerland, the company has expanded from being a Swiss company to a global brand. Nestlà © is quite everywhere. It has become a household brand name in many countries and has established offices in more than 80 countries. The Nestlà © brand portfolio covers practically all foods and beverage categories: milk and dairy products, nutrition, ice cream, breakfast cereals, coffee and beverages, culinary products, chocolate and confectionery, petcare, bottled water. Many of these brands have category leadership, both globally and in local markets. The best-known global brands include Nescafà ©, Nestea, Maggi, Buitoni, Purina and of course Nestlà © itself. Other brands also sell in many countries for example, Milo, Nesquik, Nespresso, Kit Kat, Smarties, Polo, Friskies, Perrier and Vittel. The total number of brands including local brands reaches into several thousands.  [1]   Nestlà © had gone through several name changes from 1866-1929. Farine Lactee Henri Nestlà © merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. in 1905, and the companys name became Nestlà © Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. In 1929, Peter-Cailler-Kohler Chocolats Suisses S.A. merged with the company. The name was then changed to Nestlà © Anglo-Swiss Holding Co. Ltd, on November 27, 1936. By late 1947, the company name had been changed to Nestlà © Alimentana S.A. through the acquisition of shares of Alimentana S.A. The current name which is Nestle S.A was adopted in 1977. Cross-Business Synergies within Nestle The primary logic behind implementing strategy in a multi business organisation like Nestleà © is to increase the business performance. A business strategy of an organisation is the way it chooses to go about succeeding in its industry. It is simply a process of looking at the range of options a firm can undertake to achieve its stated objectives with high priority to increase corporate performance. For many multi-business firms, cross-business growth is the major lever of growth in their saturated market (Knoll 2008, p. 1). Cross-business synergies is defined as the value that is created and captured, over time, by the sum of the business together relative to what it would be separately (Martin and Eisenhardt 2001, p. 3). The pursuit of synergy is at the heart of the rationale for the existence of a multibusiness corporation (Porter, 1985). The first identified cross-business synergies of Nestlà © is the strong organisation implementation. The strong business performance by Nestlà © in 2008 is as a result of strong organisational effectiveness which dates back in its history. This is very critical to getting organisation strategy right. As stated by Paul Bulke, CEO of Nestlà ©, the Nestlà © 2008 performance reflects its ability to achieve a high level of organic growth. This in a sense is that the systemic arrangements of the company different sections and brands enable its growth which was reflected in the company EBIT margin in 2008. The company operational efficiency was a result of it strong organisation implementation. The EBIT value is useful when comparing various sections (departments) in a multi business company like Nestlà ©. The company policy of rationalising underperforming product lines also serve as one of the major drivers of improved performance. Nestlà © strong organisation implementation has the refore ensured the optimisation of management rules and orderly operation of the company. Another cross-business synergy of Nestlà © is that it engaged in multi-business team decision process. The multi-business teams, certainly in collaboration with the corporate office, are the locus of value creation and identify potential synergy initiatives. It is a form of leveraging in terms of relational resources and strategic alignment. In relation to this, Nestlà © has a dedicated initiative teams overseeing each of the company four growth platforms. The company Popularly Positioned Product (PPP) strategy is one of these platforms with a specific business model which focuses on lower income consumers by offering them high-quality nutritious products at daily affordable prices. Nestlà © Corporate Goal Direction The importance of goals to any organisation cannot be underestimated. Every organisation small or large aims for success and in order for an organisation to become successful it needs clearly defined goals. Nestlà © not only have clearly defined goals, the operational plans of the company meets its strategic plan. The company corporate goal direction is to be the worlds largest and best branded food manufacturer and to ensure products of the highest quality. It is a holistic strategic thinking which the organisation as a system that integrates each part in relationship to the whole. The point is that this approach allows the managers of Nestlà © to employ an advance form of analytical reasoning that ensure creativity. DeWit and Meyer (1998) submits this as generative thinking perspective. In Nestlà ©, however, the creative and logical thinking perspectives are combined. Logical thinking emphasized the ability of managers to critically reflect on the assumptions they hold and to ma ke their tacit beliefs more explicit (Ibid). This in a way ensures creativity which is critical for innovations. The company is a market leader in many product lines such as coffee, milk, chocolate, food seasoning, bottle water and pet food. Its corporate slogan, good food, good life is understandably a slogan that pushes consumers to buy Nestlà © products as it signifies a better and healthier products for consumers. The growth of the company is also been driven by Nestlà © commitment to making better healthier products for its consumers around the world. Nestlà © corporate goal is founded on corporate innovation and knowledge management which involve collecting and utilizing information, innovation and knowledge resources for the realization of corporate objectives of the organisation. This is to achieve the corporate goal of being the world largest and best branded food and confectionaries producer. With the resources at the company disposal, the goal of Nestlà © is specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and timed. Nestlà © Corporate Management Mechanisms The management responsibility is based on a system of specific individual responsibility for each post. This is reflected in the company corporate business principles, and with specific policies related to each principle. These principles are respected by all employees and their application is monitored and regularly audited. The company strengthen management of rules and regulations through standardization and simplification. There are different levels of management and the company step-by-step according to levels ensure that the management of different sections and brands of the company can be conducted separately. To optimize the management of rules and ensure orderly operation of the company, Nestlà © reach aggregation among the internal control through management system for risk control, management system for product development and innovation, corporate information mechanism (that allows the company to make full use of knowledge resource and improve managing efficiency) and ma nagement system for cost control. All of these make corporate performance better. Accordingly, knowledge based corporate management is the key corporate management mechanism adopted by Nestlà ©. It is basically driven by information system and includes learning process, corporate culture, trust and power relations (Epstein and Manzoni 2006, p. 176). The Nestlà © programme Global Business Excellence (GLOBE) which aims to harmonize and simplify business process architecture through and integrated information system is an example of information system in governing knowledge. The main goal of this programme is to ensure: a best practice that is creating common business processes, establishing best practices for activities such as purchasing, sales forecasting, production planning and customer service; data standardization which is to manage data as a corporate asset. The company has an established common coding system for various items such as raw material and packaging, finished goods, vendors and customer. In order to support best practices and standardization, Ne stlà © has a common information system. The programme also seeks to standardize internal and external databases and to implement a common business process architecture. This provides Nestlà © companies with common guidelines, structures and best practices to integrate operations across the whole organisation and to align organisational strategies with corporate goals (Ibid, p. 177). Nestlà © Corporate Level Strategy Corporate level strategy is essentially what makes the whole company greater than the sum of its business units. The separation of strategic and tactical decision making as argue by Chandler (1962; 1991) is the most efficient corporate organisation as it allows the corporate centre to focus on the destiny of the corporation and allow business units to focus on within business unit operations. Mintzberg puts forward five formal definitions of strategy: plan; ploy; pattern; position; and perspective. Planning is concern with the development of mission or vision of what the company would aim to achieve. The organisation must have a vision of what they want the company to be at a point in future. The pattern has to do with how the strategy unfolds and becomes concrete. If strategy as plan refers to deliberate, intended strategy that may or may not be realised, then strategy as pattern suggests unplanned, emergent strategic patterns or consistencies that are realised despite, or in the ab sence, of intentions (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985 in Graez 2002, p. 456). An integrated organisation strategy is based on overall orientation towards growth and stability. In the case of Nestlà ©, the overall orientation is to be the worlds largest and best branded food manufacturer with the highest quality standard. A company may also focus portfolio corporate strategy, which is a strategy focus on the market that the firm competes in through product line and business units. In fact this is the basic underpinning strategy that drives Nestlà © orientation of producing the world healthiest product. The core principle of Nestlà © is helping consumers to have a balanced healthier diet. For firms to sell successfully to foreign customers requires culturally sensitive adaptations to product services, services, marketing and advertising (Rugman and Collinson 2009, p. 132). In the face of an unpredictable, highly volatile and competitive marketplace, a capacity for innovative, divergent strategic thinking at multiple organisational levels is seen as central to creating and sustaining competitive advantages (Liedtka 1998 in Graez 2002, p. 456). Nestlà © uses both planning scenario and strategic business models. Nestlà © Nutrition, an autonomous unit within Nestlà ©, is responsible for the claim-based business of infant and healthcare Nutrition. This is one of the strategic units of Nestlà © created in order to maintain the company competitiveness. This unit aims at delivering superior business performance by developing and offering consumable nutritious products. The unit in particular would strengthen Nestlà © leadership in this market hence a key element of the company corporate strategy.Michael Porter (1979) came up with four competitive strategies for business. The first strategy is to be the cost leader which means having the lower cost either across the industry or within the industry segment. An example of across the industry cost leader strategy of Nestlà © is its ability to make its entire product available and affordable to consumers regardless of countries. Income disparities exist among countries, so Nestlà © produce and repackage products in line with consumers capacities to purchase if different countries. The cost leader within the industry segment would be Nestlà © making its product to be the cheapest in the entire industry. The second strategy is differentiation, which means having your product better or making your service better and unique among the competition. A company can either differentiate its product/service in the industry or across the industry segment just like the cost leader. An example of having differentiation across the market place is the Nestlà © makes it products to be major healthy products to consume. In fact, Netslà © agreement with LOrà ©al in 2008 is a good example of the company continuous product diversification strategy. In Asia and Africa, Nestlà ©s strategy has been to acquire local companies in order to form a group of autonomous regional managers who know more about the culture of the local markets. Eisenhardt and Brown (1998) argue that while, traditionally, strategy was about building long-term defensible positions or sustainable competitive advantage, today strategy must focus on continuous adaptation and improvement and be constantly shifting and evolving in ways that surprise and confound the competition (Eisenhardt and Brown 1998, p. 787 in Graez, F. 2002). The Nestlà © Consumer Communication Principles contain mandatory rules on marketing communication to all consumers, including accurate representation and portrayal of foods in a way that does not encourage over-consumption. Conclusion Nestlà © will continue to remain a competitive global brand for time to come. The structure, organisation and strategy of the company reflect an organisation that is well focus to achieve its stated objectives and goals. As a food, nutrition, health and wellness company, Nestlà © has targeted the essential primary motivation for consumer to purchase. More than ever before, consumers are concerned about the nutritional contents of products they consume. Through its global strategic approach, Nestlà © has transformed its organisation to a world recognised leader in nutrition, health and wellness. The company Popularly Positioned Product (PPP) strategy is best for Nestlà © as big portion of their core competence and resources are directed fast growing product and division. As a markets seeker, Nestlà © has the motivation to expand internationally and invest in foreign countries. The organisation knowledge of customers in different contexts has improved its profit margin relative to its competitors.

Ethics Competency

Also, cases Like stealing are hard to report since collecting evidence Is not always easy unless the act is captured by a security camera or another employee witnesses the same situation. 2. Waste My answer to this question was NO, as I feel that waste is hard to be defined and measured. Waste can be as simple as waste of paper, wasting valuable work time where tasks can be performed or wasting resources such as not matching up employee's potentials with the type of work performed. Waste of paper is something very simple and can be quickly corrected by setting up an environmental awareness policy at the workplace.But, waste of valuable work time or resources Is more serious, especially If It affects everyone else on the team (I. E. ) deliverables to the client and would have to be reported to a superior. 3. Mismanagement My answer to this question is YES, as mismanagement might lead to waste of resources and time. This also leads to frustration amidst employees as they might have to repeat a task over and over again due to mismanagement of Information or work long hours due to miscalculation of time.This should be reported to a superior as mismanagement over time leads to economical problems in an organization as more money has to be spent to fix something that should have been done right in the first place. Safety Problems 4. My answer to this question Is YES, as workplace safety Is top portly as It affects the life of employees, productivity of the team and also costs an employer a lot of money in worker's coma and employee's compensation. Workplace safety is very important and needs to be reported as the damages caused by safety issues might involve one or several people and may turn out to be fatal if neglected. . Sexual Harassment and quality of work. Many employees may not report this issue for fear of losing their jobs, but it is important to report such behavior to stop the issue from occurring gain and to protect the overall morale of the team. It is g ood to collect evidence, such as taped conversations or emails so that the person is unable to deny his/her behavior. 6. Unfair Discrimination My answer to this question is YES, as the corporate culture today is very diverse and people from various countries and cultures work together. Unfair discrimination on the basis of race, religion, culture, sexual orientation etc†¦ s very demoralizing and brings down an employee's morale. Unfair discrimination also leads to stereotyping as the group or individual who faces discrimination feels that no matter how good hey perform, it will never be acceptable. Unfair discrimination needs to be reported as it squashes good talent, new ideas and innovation. Good support from superiors above managers is necessary to curb discrimination. It is also helpful to collect evidence in the form of emails or support from other employees who have experienced similar discrimination. Legal Violation and Financial Reporting 7.My answer to both of these is YES, as legal and financial violations both face serious consequences from the Judicial system and the company might incur huge fines as a result of these violations. Companies can even get shut down as a result of legal violations and financial reporting issues and both of these must be taken seriously and reported. Types of Retaliation 1 . Coworkers not associating with person. I have not witnessed this yet as many of us on my current team confide in each other and discuss common issues, we maintain an open dialogue and do not dissociate with a person who brings up an ethical issue.We collectively work and support each other to resolve the issue. 2. Pressure from co-workers to stop complaint. I have personally not witnessed this till date, but have seen it in other cases where there co- workers have persuaded another co-worker to not complain against my boss as several other people who complained before about similar issues were let go. My boss being the director of the departmen t has the support of the UP of our department who can influence HRS decisions even if a person chose to report to HER.It would be nice to have a non biased and approachable person heading the department or a HER manager or UP who was open to review issues. But the key is collect adequate and relevant evidence to support the case. I have witnessed this in work environments where people have been with the organization for a very long time and consider any new hire or entry to be a threat or challenge to their position. Ego, insecurity and narrow mindedness play a key part in this issue, as people feel that though they have done a task inefficiently for several years, it is right as nobody has pointed out otherwise.If a person new to the team points out the inefficiency, egos flare up and hostility begins. 4. Poor performance appraisal. This happened to a co-worker of mine who no longer works for the organization as my boss felt that he was a threat to her position as he was very knowl edgeable and ride to suggest new processes for existing tasks (I. E. ) new ways of doing things more efficiently. His probation was extended during his review stating that he did not complete his tasks on hand in a timely manner, did not communicate effectively etc†¦ Which were all false accusations.He did have adequate evidence to go to HER to report my manager and chose not to come back to an environment of hostility but was well compensated by the company for the entire mental trauma he went through and for the time he spent on the issue. 5. Verbal harassment or intimidation. I did witness this in several situations at different workplaces. In my current workplace (I. E. ) in the case I mentioned in the previous item (#4), my ex-coworker had to put up with verbal harassment from my manager who would snap at him for reasons unknown or would confront him on issues in staff meetings and try to put him down.In another case at a previous workplace, my immediate manager would alwa ys give one of my co-workers a hard time as she was recently promoted to a Project Meg's position but he expected a lot out of her and offered no help to mentor her. He loud constantly criticize her work and would lower her morale with his demoralizing comments. She finally resigned after feeling intimidated and threatened by her superior. This type of issue hampers team work and lowers the teams morale as people get scared to present new ideas for fear of getting shunned or losing their position.Tighter scrutiny of daily work by management, reassignment to a different 6. Job, reassignment to a different Job with less desirable duties and denial of a promotion. I have seen this happen in cases in my current organization when an employee rises to report a manager's unethical actions such as discrimination to higher authorities and the manager indicates hostility towards the employee as the manager is under scrutiny. s run and tries to apply for another position within the company, th e current manager starts getting hostile and indifferent as they consider a person transferring from their department to be an indication of bad management on their part. A simple dialogue and an effort to resolve the issue is all that is required which most managers tend to ignore. As stated in an article published in the Ethics Resource Center (2009) about Enron's downfall: To help avoid the fate of Enron and other companies whose ethics are called into question.

Kitty’s Diary Essay

Dear Diary, My day today proved to be one of the strangest and most revealing in my life. I’ve been speeding forward so rapidly with everything that I’ve barely had a proper chance to stop and look back. My opportunity came today, when apparently Helly was having some ‘family issues’. I know you’re only a book, but you don’t have to be a genius to work out why Loopy sent me to help her instead of Liz. To be honest, Helly helped me just as much as I helped her today. When I first found her in the storage cupboard, she was a right old mess, I tell you, tears streaming down her face like waterfalls, and clutching more tissues than I thought humanely possible. She looked as if she was suffering from a severe fever. Once Helly had settled down (well as far as someone in a state like her could settle down) she explained enough for me to understand the conflict she had going on with ‘Toad-Shoes’. After shifting myself into a near-comfortable position I launched into my Goggle-Eyes story. I realise that the next part may sound a bit vain, but I am really, rather a good story teller. I could tell from the sparkle in Helly’s eyes that she was entranced, and could have happily settled down and listened all day. Actually, she did, almost. A few hours. Close enough. As I recalled the events, they seemed to re-enlighten in my mind; it was as if I was reliving every single minute, but with a completely different attitude to everything. It’s an amazing but queer feeling, to lose yourself in your own story. I could imagine it all in my mind. I thought back, observed my every action, and at the same time telling what I did to Helly, making me feel quite like I was commentating on my own life. My emotions all merged together, what I felt then to what I feel now. Reflecting on it, there are so things I wish I never said, however, I could never really shake off that smug little feeling you get; whenever I did something horrible to a certain someone, my immediate reaction would be embarrassment and a short glance at Helly to make sure she wasn’t as disgusted as I was with my childish actions, but, as I regret to admit, then followed by a small ‘Ha ha’ in my mind. It shocked me (in a good way, don’t worry) how much I’d changed these past few months. Helly’s little dilemma made me realise just how much I just wanted to tell somebody else what I had been through, going from absolutely loathing a disgusting specimen that eyes’ popped out at my mother dressing, to loving someone who had now lightened up everything and made me happy. True, Gerald (see, I’m calling him his proper name now) is blunt, rude, and occasionally makes such bad jokes that it’s slightly worrying, but I guess as time went by I got used to having him around, so used to it in fact that it’s a surprise if he’s not around our house by at least 4pm. I now realise that he was incredibly patient with what nuisance I was causing him. I find it incredible how much I used to hate him, but how I was silly enough not to realise that he was part of my life until it was too late. At the end of my tale (it actually lasted all morning, can you believe it? ), Helly made me realise that I have grown so attached to him, that I can swear on my life I wouldn’t mind if he and mum got married. It’s the complete opposite to what I had said to Gerald when he first walked in, can- Uh oh. Mum’s coming; she’ll kill me if she finds up I’m up this late again writing in you. Better go NOW. Night!

Mike Myers essays

Mike Myers essays You know him as the top secret 60s spy Austin Powers, and as the hilarious Wayne in Waynes World, but who is Mike Myers? Mike was born in Scarborough, Ontario, Canada on May 25, 1963 and is currently 40 years old. Mike graduated from high school in 1982. Almost immediately after that he was accepted into Torontos Second City Comedy Ensemble but his career really started to take off in 1988 when he joined Saturday Night Live. He worked there for six seasons while he played Dieter and Wayne Campell. Mike is now one of our most beloved Canadian actors. He has done numerous movies, which keep us laughing for hours. Mike has done Waynes World (starring as Wayne), which he received $1,000,000 for and also did the sequel for $3,500,000. He starred in Austin Powers for $3,000,000 and Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me for $7,000,000. His newest movie Shrek also paid him $3,000,000 (take in mind this is all in US funds). Now that you know about his career, lets get personal. Mike is the youngest of three sons. He appeared in a TV commercial when he was nine, and on the last day of shooting he cried, so his brothers gave him the nickname sucky baby. Mike met his wife at a hockey game, when she got hit by a puck. It is said he immediately fell for her. He also has three dogs named after famous hockey players. Mike carries a British passport and regards himself as British, due to the fact both his parents; Eric and Alice were British citizens. He took dancing lessons in Toronto. Mike is also a Toronto Maple Leafs fan. I believe Michael Myers is important to Canadian history/culture for many reasons. For one there doesnt happen to be many famous Canadian actors, we have always been second to the US in this field. Mike is also very funny and excellent at what he does and breaks the classic impression of what Canadians act like, say and do. With more people like Mike, it shows ...

Cabaza Del Vaca essays

Cabaza Del Vaca essays Cabeza de Vaca learned to communicate with the Spaniards and also learned to believe in some of their Christian values, including faith healing. The Spaniards learned to live within the culture of the indigenous people, learning to eat those things that were eaten by the local Indians, practice witchcraft, healing, and other rituals. Similar to the indigenous people, Cabeza de Vaca and his followers adapted the style of dress worn by those with whom they were enslaved and later befriended. Cabeza de Vaca no longer sought to find the wealth of the new land but became sympathetic to the Indians, and wanted them to remain free. Cabeza de Vaca did not want the Indians to be captured by other Spanish soldiers. In my opinion, the reason that the Spaniards said, "we must tell lies" was two fold. When they inspected the dying man who was shot with a Spanish musket ball in the last village that was pillaged, looted, and then burned by the Spanish soldiers, Cabeza de Vaca and the others were aware that the Spaniards would not be far away. In an effort to prevent many of the indigenous people being captured and enslaved, Cabeza de Vaca and the others knew the only way the Indian followers would go in a different direction was to pretend that he was cursed with death everywhere that he went. Because the Indians were very superstitious, Cabeza de Vaca knew that he could use this as an excuse to leave the nomadic group he was traveling with without raising much suspicion among the Indians. The Indians believing that Cabeza de Vaca was cursed continued their travels without him. The other men in his exploration party later met up with him later. The second reason that Cabeza de Vaca and his e xpedition followers determined that they must lie was that if they professed to the practices of the rituals of healing and raising people from the dead as prescribed by the Indians through witchcraft or medicine man healing, the Spaniards knew the...

British Airways and Virgin Atlantic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British Airways and Virgin Atlantic - Essay Example Ownership of many airline companies is shifting from government to private hands British Airways (BA) is a leader in airline industry which carries more than 27 millions passengers a year. This company obtains strong market position maintaining high standards of performance. It becomes possible because of improvements and innovation strategy provided by the company recent years. BA delivers scheduled passenger services which accounted for approximately 83% of all its operations. It is flying to over 550 destinations, and a fleet of 340 aircraft. "Its mainline fleet also currently includes 7 Concordes, 71 Boeing 747s, 38 Boeing 777s, 21 Boeing 767s, 48 Boeing 757s, 83 Airbus A318/319/320s in service or on order, and 52 Boeing 737s" (British Airways: Short description 2001). As airline industry becomes mature, BA has focused on market share and how it can be gained. Contracting out of services including aircraft handling, ticketing, baggage handling to third parties are the main difference between BA and other companies. The company employs about 65,157 people. Th e company offers four classes of service: World Traveller (Economy Class) and World Traveller Plus (Premium Economy), Club World (Business Class) and FIRST (First Class) (British Airways: Short description 2001). Virgin Atlantic is also a UK-based company operatin... Virgin Atlantic Virgin Atlantic is also a UK-based company operating on the market since 1982. It attracts its customers by exceptional service and standards. It is the second largest UK carrier and the third largest European airline. The marketing strategy applied by Virgin Atlantic is essentially a matching process between the needs and expectations of customers, and the organization's ability and capacity to satisfy them. For this matching process to take place successfully, Virgin Atlantic understands who is the customer and what value is required, and how best to deliver this value on a sustainable basis in line with the organization's overall corporate objectives. The company proposes three classes of service: Economy, Premium Economy and Upper Class. It invested in development of customer service in order to optimize performance and deliver customer satisfaction. (Virgin Atlantic. Students Information Pack. 2006) Approaches to Marketing Both companies are dynamically evolving entities operating within a dynamically evolving environment influenced by political changes and economic fluctuations: fuel prices, trade union policies and terrorist attacks. For BA and Virgin Atlantic marketing depends upon effective marketing system. Both companies employ different approaches to marketing and a business philosophy to sustain strong position of the market and compete with each other (Johnson, Scholes, 1998). Marketing Mix Product (Service) BA business philosophy includes reward strategies and insensitive schemes for regular passengers with free flights and services. The main target group of BA under this program is Business Class and First Class passengers. In

Strategic Management of Technological Innovation Term Paper

Strategic Management of Technological Innovation - Term Paper Example The main question in strategic management of technological innovation in recent years has been how companies can attain and maintain competitive advantage. In the current economy which is knowledge-based, the endurance of competitive advantage for larger number of companies rests on their ability to constantly create, protect, and deploy their innovations. Virtually all industries across the globe have been faced with heightened need to strategically manage technological innovations in order to endure competitive advantage. Telecommunications industry is one of those industries that have enormously embraced strategic management of technological innovations (White and Garry 12). This paper will focus on the telecommunications industry. Telecommunication industry primarily focuses on products and services that transmit information. This industry provides the world with a global system that touches nearly everyone as it allows people to share their thoughts, interact with one another, a nd conduct business with each other regardless of their location in the world. The sustainability movement has become more and more important for businesses across the world as they face ever-increasing competition and the need to meet and even exceed social, environmental, and economic requirements (White and Garry 19). The sustainability movement in telecommunications industry has gained much prominence in the recent years as researchers and innovators take a whole-systems approach to develop human technologies, lifestyles, and systems that can provide environmentally benign and high quality ways of life to all human beings presently and many generations in the future. The telecommunications industry is characterized by high innovation rates due to fast- changing technological landscape. As a result, the industry is associated with a wide range of sustainability challenges and risks. The industry has been revolutionizing at a rapid rate, especially in the recent decades. This is e videnced by widespread introduction of internet technology, introduction of mobile phones, and recent transition into the using of smart meters and smart phones which has contributed to the rise in the mobile data services (White and Garry 23). The sustainability risks and challenges in the telecommunications industry have been brought about by the following factors: the new technologies that are speedily changing customers’ expectations and requirements; the need for constantly modernizing infrastructure to keep pace with emerging expectations; increased outsourcing of services; increasing demand in mature markets; and fast technological and economic advancement in emerging markets (Schilling 28). Telecommunications industry is one of the biggest, if not the biggest industry in the world. It brings together numerous players who provide products and services that in one way or another facilitates transmission of information around the world. The industry is comprised of commu nications satellite operators, ICT service providers, mobile phone companies, telegraph companies, wireless carriers, internet service providers, telecommunications equipment vendors, and VolP companies among others. The largest company members of the

United Holidays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United Holidays - Essay Example It is considerably easy to carry out. Disadvantages It is time consuming Written sources 3 b. Discuss the purpose and features of a CASE tool, which could support the development of the required system for United Holidays Purpose: They enhance software development. They generate codes automatically and also used in normalization.Diagramming tools are used to draw the system models required or recommended in most methodologies. Description tools are used to record, delete, edit, and output non-graphical documentation and specifications. Prototyping tools are used construct system components including inputs, outputs, and programs. Inquiry and reporting tools are used to extract models, descriptions, and specifications from the repository. Quality management tools analyze models, descriptions, and prototypes for consistency, completeness, or conformance to accepted 'rules' of the methodologies that the CASE tools support. 4 a. What are the typical job roles that exist within the software development lifecycle, and at which stage(s) of the lifecycle will they each be active Systems Analyst Programmers: these are the people who develop the codes Users. They give information. Project Manager b. Who are the stakeholders in an information system, and what are their individual priorities System owners. These can be individuals or organizations. System Users. These are the staff or employees who interact with the system on a daily basis System Designers. System builders. Are the programmers Vendors. Are the ones who are in the business of selling and distributing these systems 5 a. What are the relevant advantages and disadvantages of Software Prototyping and the Waterfall with Iteration approach to software development Advantages of... United Holidays In object programming the practice to combine simple objects is referred to as composition for example the classes in the airline can not exist if the class airline is removed This allows the investigator to develop empathy for the study population through listening and participating. Additionally, observation allows the observer to become an "insider. The method is also very useful where no records of previous studies exist Data can be collected quickly on specific items; these data can be easily transferred into forms allowing quantified and computerized analyses; and data collection tasks can be delegated to less expensive field staff. Questionnaires also compel the adoption of some "organized structure" upon data collection (Fowler, M. 2003) Transition: in this phase the goal is to system and user test the system to ensure that it is ready to be deployed into production, to make needed corrections, and to actually deploy the system (Fowler, M. 2003). This leads to the fact that data programmers and other professionals need to be prepared to change and grow their models, including their database schema over time. Furthermore, iterations lead to the discovery of the need to re-factor their schema to reflect the needs of new requirements (Fowler, M. 2003). If your system needs to interface with existing legacy systems, and it often does, data professionals will likely be needed to be involved with legacy integration efforts. Data models are very likely needed, but they're not needed up front.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Essay Example for Free

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Essay During the Enlightenment era, a period that lasted between the 17th and 18th centuries, European countries began associating with new methods of inquiry. There was a return to the classics, as well as a passion for reason over religion. The big idea was that there were no limits to human understanding, and that all humans are good and equal in nature. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, an article written by the National Assembly, is a prime example of an enlightenment text, for in seventeen simple articles, it expresses the basic rights of man and citizens. The first article states, â€Å"men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.† During enlightenment, it was believed that all humans are good people, although there was always room for improvement. This idea relates to article one, for article one proclaims that social distinctions are determined solely on how a person you are. Article two states, â€Å"the aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression.† Enlightenment thinkers believed that before the law, people have rights to life, liberty, property and the pursuit of happiness, which is directly represented in article two. The last article which truly exemplifies enlightenment ideas is article ten, which states, â€Å"no one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law. During enlightenment, people believed that there should be a separation between church and state. Article thirteen is a perfect example of this idea, proving that The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was an enlightenment- based text.

Free Essays - Angela’s Ashes :: Ashes

Informal Essay on Angela’s Ashes   Angela’s Ashes is a moving book full of poverty, suffering, and death that shows that no matter how difficult things seem, the hard tines can always be overcome.   Angela and Malachy McCourt, both Irish, were married in America after a passionate night together that ended up producing their first son, Francis(or Frank as introduced to the reader).   Later, the couple had another son, twins, and a daughter while living in a small apartment in New York.   Margaret soon died and the family moved to Ireland where their lives were only worsened.   Angela had two more children that lived, but the young twins died.   Malachy was an alcoholic who rarely held a job and spent his wages at the pub instead of on his family.   They were forced to beg for food and other necessities because relatives were cruel and selfish.   This novel tells the tell of young Frank having to endure extreme poverty, starvation, and a broken family with strength and courage.   He eventuall y raises enough money to go to America and break free from his depressing childhood.   In my opinion, the theme of this book is that no matter how bad things seem to be, anyone can survive and become successful through perseverance and determination.   For example, Frank grew up in just about the worst environment possible but was determined enough to get himself to America and eventually become the author of a Pulitzer Prize winning novel!   Frank achieved his goals by taking any extra jobs that he could find and saving every penny possible until he could finally afford his passage to America.   Because his father never brought home any money, Frank supported the family with what little wages he earned at his job and was determined to make a good life for himself, his brothers, and his poor mother.   Frank learned to depend upon no one but himself and his determination to succeed won him a new life in America where he now lives happily married.        I noticed numerous literary devices present throughout the book.   One such device is the use of apostrophe.   Apostrophe is used continuously when Frank speaks to the angel on the seventh step and also when he and his parents speak to the dead children such as Eugene, Oliver, and Margaret.   The story is told from the point of view of Frank as he grows from a young boy of about three or four to a young man at nineteen.

A professor teaches students to comprehend the different fields

Teaching is a fulfilling profession; yet, at times, can be wearisome. The ramifications of the teaching profession impact the whole society. This profession allows individuals to interact with fellow members of the society and learn from each other.A professor teaches students to comprehend the different fields of knowledge; eventually, these students apply what they have learned when they work or interrelate with individuals within a society. What I like about teaching is that it enables one to impart his knowledge to others, and eventually leads to a progressive and developed society. The thing that is undesirable about this job is that it is a taxing profession.Teaching allows a teacher to share what he/she has learned from the academic life. Sharing knowledge to others makes this profession a fulfilling one in the sense that the students are equipped with the necessary knowledge to overcome life’s challenges and trials that will come their way.When the students apply what they have learned from their mentors in their chosen profession, it is the society who is usually benefited. Teaching touches upon the different fields of studies such as the sciences, mathematics and humanities; thus, students who excel in these fields usually contribute most to the progress and development of the whole community and society.However, the actual exercise of the profession is a strenuous work due to the fact that a teacher needs to make lesson plans, appraise the progress of the students, be conversant with the subject he has to teach, and be flexible enough to adjust with the different character traits of each student.Nevertheless, teaching is still an indispensable profession in order for a society to function. A society needs to have some persons to intellectually guide the members of the community to discover and harness each individual’s potential for the benefit of the whole community. Teachers fill up this societal requirement.

Split Cherry Tree

The short story, Spilt Cherry Tree, was written by Jesse Stuart. In the beginning of the story, Dave and his classmates went with Professor Herbert on a field trip for biology class. They were all searching for lizards, bugs, snakes, frogs, flowers, and plants. Dave and five of his classmates had spotted a lizard in the old cherry tree up the hill, so all six of them ran up the tree after it, and the tree broke down. Eif Crabtree, the owner of the tree was plowing when it happened and he ran up and go tall the boys’ names. Dave’s five classmates who broke the tree with him were all able to get the dollar that they owed Mr. Crabtree, but Dave knew he wouldn’t be able to get his. Professor Herbert kept Dave after school and told him that he paid Dave’s dollar, but he would have to work four hours at the school to earn the full dollar, which means he would be getting paid twenty-five cents and hour to help the janitor. Dave really didn’t mind staying after school, but he knew that he would get a whipping from his father if he was two hours late getting home. Dave told Professor Herbert that he would rather have the professor whip him with a switch so he could go on home and help his dad with chores because he knew his dad would whip him if he was two hours late. Dave was also afraid that his father would make him quit school because he was a little old fashioned and didn’t understand the school system of that time. Split Cherry Tree The short story, Spilt Cherry Tree, was written by Jesse Stuart. In the beginning of the story, Dave and his classmates went with Professor Herbert on a field trip for biology class. They were all searching for lizards, bugs, snakes, frogs, flowers, and plants. Dave and five of his classmates had spotted a lizard in the old cherry tree up the hill, so all six of them ran up the tree after it, and the tree broke down. Eif Crabtree, the owner of the tree was plowing when it happened and he ran up and go tall the boys’ names. Dave’s five classmates who broke the tree with him were all able to get the dollar that they owed Mr. Crabtree, but Dave knew he wouldn’t be able to get his. Professor Herbert kept Dave after school and told him that he paid Dave’s dollar, but he would have to work four hours at the school to earn the full dollar, which means he would be getting paid twenty-five cents and hour to help the janitor. Dave really didn’t mind staying after school, but he knew that he would get a whipping from his father if he was two hours late getting home. Dave told Professor Herbert that he would rather have the professor whip him with a switch so he could go on home and help his dad with chores because he knew his dad would whip him if he was two hours late. Dave was also afraid that his father would make him quit school because he was a little old fashioned and didn’t understand the school system of that time.

Seeing Essays

Seeing Essays Seeing Essay Seeing Essay Essay Topic: The Outsiders In this course work I will be writing about the Film Witness. This film is about the Amish community and how they interact with the outer life. The film focuses on key points such as their way of life compared to The English. The Amish refer to the outsiders who are not Amish as English whether they are American, Chinese, German, white, black, blue, pink or any other ethnicity or colour. The main point in the film is about a boy who Witnesses a murder. Witness- witness is someone who has knowledge about a crime or dramatic event through their senses (e.g. seeing, hearing, smelling, touching) and can help certify important considerations to the crime or event. A witness who has seen the event firsthand is known as an eye-witness. This is a very good title for the film because witness not only means that you have seen it but you also understand what has happened. In this case Samuel Witnesses the murder and also understands what has happened. Seeing- To observe with the eyes. This word plays a very big part in the film as the film requires you to see through different angles to understand what is going on. One example of this is when McPhee murders a person. There are two ways of taking in this bit. The first way of seeing this is Why McPhee kills the man but then there is another way of looking at it. The second way of looking at it is that as McPhee is a police officer and he assassinates the person. Seeing the plot of the film is very simple and understandable. There is a young Amish boy called Samuel who is travelling to an Amish community who witnesses a murder while he is in the toilet at a railway station. Samuel is taken by a police officer called John Book as a witness. It is only realised about twenty minutes later after the murder that we find out the one of the criminals who murdered a person in the toilet was a police officer when Samuel identifies a photograph of the murderer, Lieutenant Mc Phee. Book trusts Schaeffer and tells him what has happened. Schaeffer tells McPhee that book has found out and is after him. Book realises that Samuel and his mother Rachel is in danger and takes them to Elis Farm where they will be hard to find. On leaving the farm after dropping them off Book is shot. The Amish take him in to their house to treat him but Book does not go to the hospital as he will have to file a gunshot-wound report which will give away his location. Book eventu ally falls in love with Rachel as he recovers. Book gets along in the Amish community. In the end McPhee and his gang find out Samuels location and come to attack them. McPhee is then killed By John Book while he is defending himself and then Schaffer gives up. Seeing the credits helps us in many ways. It tells us the name of the actors/actresses, Directors, the studio name and other information of the cast. The credits in this film are situated in the middle of the screen. The credits are all in the same font and are all in capitals. Important information such as the Studio name and Main characters are in larger font to catch the viewers attention. The director uses white lettering on a black background. These two opposite colours make the credits stand out and make the viewer focus on the credits. It also makes the credits easier to read. For example if you had dark green background and yellow writing it wouldnt stand out as much and would be harder to read. Seeing the contrasting colours make the credit scene very effective. This example of foreshadowing prepares the audience for further situations of opposites. After viewing the credits, the film then moves on from the credits overlapping with a scene showing a small hill with flowing grass being blown in the wind in front of a sky blue background which is the sky. This scene is very appropriate as it represents the Amish who are very simple people who live of the countryside. The green grass also represents the Amish as farmers which they have to do in order to live. This is another type of foreshadowing. Seeing the film makes us realise that the Amish are very secretive people. They do not like mixing with outsiders very much. After the scene with the wind blowing the grass, the director slowly introduces the Amish using a long shot. This type of introduction suggests that the Amish are against modern inventions. The distance is just about close enough for us to see their outlines but not what they look like. The director then brings them closer and shows them walking from the right of the screen to the left. The director suddenly switches to a scene with a horse and carriage for a few seconds and then switches back again. We then see the Amish slowly walking towards us which eventually introduces us to them and shows us what they look like. Seeing the movie has now passed for now. It is now time to focus on the music in the Opening scene. The music is very high pitched. This type of music leaves the viewer in anxiety and leaves him/her thinking about what is about to come. The music in this opening scene is stretches with only a dew notes being used. The music sets a mood of mystery. The music also has comforting sounds which adds to the mystery. This then leave the viewer thinking again about what is causing the soothing but suspenseful music. The music then progressively introduces new instruments such as the trumpet. At the end of this music it sound as if two tracks have been mixed together. Seeing the Amish and understanding them makes me think that the introduction to them is not very good. The introduction does not tell you enough about them and should show them doing more things such as farming, milking and doing other things that other people would not usually do. This would be a much easier introduction to them especially for people who have not known about them before. If the introduction showed more activities of the Amish, the film will be even easier to understand, not that it is hard to understand at the moment. Seeing the hill shot only shows us the head and shoulders and then shows the gradually disappearing into the horizon. This effect only shows us glimpses of them to make us focus on them for when they show all of them as we will want to know what they look like in full form. Although this is a good way of introducing them I would not choose this type of shot/angle as some people may become impatient and stop watching the film. Seeing the introduction could have been done in other ways but the director does not position the cameras on top of the hill with the Amish coming towards the viewer because this will introduce them to us very quickly. According to my understanding I think that the reason the director has not used that shot is to show that it takes a long time for the Amish to interact with the English and that they live their own lives according to the Amish rules and regulations. The slow introduction can also suggest that as the Amish do not like living with modern inventions, the Amish would refuse to come towards the camera as that is also a modern invention in real life situations. Seeing the composition of this shot it suggest that the Amish, like I have said before, would like to stay away from modern day inventions like the camera which is why the director uses this type of shot. Seeing the scene where Rachel and Samuel are told that their train has been delayed, Samuel and Rachel go to a bench to have a rest. This scene at the bench is shot from close to the floor looking up to create a larger than life atmosphere and makes the focus on Samuel and Rachel. This makes them the centre of attention. Seeing the different types of shots used the camera then moves up to Samuels height to show his fascination with the drinking fountain. While showing this, the director blurs everything apart from Samuel and the water fountain to make him the centre of attention. This scene shows how Samuel takes little things for granted which we use every day. The camera is continuously used from the bottom up to make adults look much taller than usual compared to Samuel. At the scene where the statue is included, the director uses an over the shoulder shot of Samuel to show what he is looking at. Samuel sees an angel holding a lifeless body. This is another example of foreshadowing which suggest that Samuel is being protected by an angel. Seeing the over the shoulder shot of the statue shows us that Samuel is very small and insignificant in this big world and could be venerable to danger. Seeing Samuel getting up and leaving his mother leaves Samuel isolated. The director uses a far shot to show this. As Samuel walks away from his mother, the camera pans Samuels walk towards the toilet. The further away he walks, the smaller he gets. It suggests that the smaller he gets the more venerable he becomes. Seeing Samuel walking to the toilets and getting smaller, we then see the murder scene in the toilets. At first we can only hear footsteps and water until the knife gets taken out. When this happens the music starts. The director only uses two sounds at the beginning to create tension then introduces the dramatic music. The camera then switches to Samuel for an extreme close-up shot of his eye. This is where the director gets the name of the film from, witness. Samuel witnesses more than one thing. Not only does Samuel witness a murder, Samuel also witnesses the real world, the modern world, The English World. Samuel then realises that the small Amish world is very different to the large outer world. I think that the murder scene is filmed very well as it gets to the point quickly but doesnt give away too much information. Seeing the search for Samuel made me think for quite a while as it is very hard because not much happens in it. But after a lot of thinking I have come to a decision that the search was well filmed. In the search every time McPhee opens or closes a door the director switches back to a close up of Samuel. This creates tension. In the toilet cubicle the position that Samuel standing in is very similar to the position of Jesus on the cross. Overall the search is well filmed because it is quick and interesting. After the search it leaves you thinking what would have happened if Samuel was found. Seeing the film and trying to relate it to the music is not very easy but I have noticed that every time the director tries to build up tension he uses music which I think is not a very good idea as it eventually becomes boring. I think that the director should come up with new ways to build tension like using flashbacks or other things. Seeing the film, the music used in this movie is only used for one reason, Building up tension. Whenever there is a tense moment the director plays music which is a downside to the film. According to my thoughts, I think that the director looks as if he has run out of ideas. Being a director of a film is a very big thing and I am surprised at how the director keeps repeating things. This just demotes the movie. The Amish are very interesting people. They live in the United States and Canada and are divided into several major groups. The Amish use horses for farming and transportation, dress in a traditional manner, and forbid electricity or telephones in the home. Church members do not join the military, apply for Social Security benefits, take out insurance or accept any form of financial assistance from the government. At home, most Amish speak a mix between German and English. The Amish are all about bringing the community together. For example, if you get married, the community will help build a suitable home/barn for you. If there is a funeral then everyone will attend the funeral. Some people may argue that the Amish make life confusing for others as most families in the community have the same second name, Lapp. If there was a crime committed by the Amish it would be hard to indentify who did it because of the second name as shown in the film. Another fact about the Amish is that the Amish are very strict about the rules, if you break a law of the Amish community you will be shunned out the community which simply means that you will be told to leave the community. Seeing the film made me realise that the world is a very corrupt place. What is the point having a police force if the people who are working for them are corrupt? It just makes matters worse. The police are to help us and prevent crime. In the film, McPhee just shows the opposite of what they are really supposed to be doing for the country. Book trusts Schaeffer to tell him about McPhee but the corruption just gets bigger. It starts off with Just McPhee and ends up with the top of the rank police sergeant. All credit to McPhee about the way he planned the Drugs Bust. Who would have suspected it! A police officer is trying to kill another police officer. I wonder how many other corrupt police officers there are in the world because that part of the film where we find out that McPhee is a police officer makes me feel insecure. Next time I approach a police officer will make wonder-Is he like McPhee? Overall I think that the film is very good and entertaining. Unlike some other films I have watched, this film has a point to make. The actors are well chosen and so is the area where the film has been shot. The story is also very easy to understand. Although this film has many good points, if I had a choice I would not watch it for any more than two or three times. The downsides of this film are that the music is not very appealing and the way of the Amish is not clearly shown. Also some parts are not clearly shown like when McPhee gets shot at the Amish farm. It doesnt show you anything else about it. Out of a mark 0f 10, I would give this film a 6.

Free Essays on Steven Dunn

Professor Stephen Dunn Wins Pulitzer Prize, â€Å"I didn’t think I had a chance.†By Brandi Fornicola Just yesterday poet Stephen Dunn sat casually awaiting questions from the students of a journalism class at Brookdale Community College. He entered the room, took off the layers of winter, and got settled. Dunn, a 2001 Pulitzer Prize winner for Poetry was also scheduled to recite his poems later on, these students had the benefit of meeting him in a more personal setting. After a long silence many inquiries were addressed towards Dunn. When asked if he will feel more pressured with his work since winning the Pulitzer he answered, â€Å" No. Not at all, I will however be more scrutinized because of it.† Dunn addressed each question directed towards him. As he chewed on the tip of his eyeglasses, he informed the students that he liked the attention that his work was getting more than the attention that he was receiving because of the award. â€Å"I think it is one of the dilemmas of being an American poet, that perhaps even if you are famous, you are more famous for being famous than if people know your poetry,† Dunn mentioned in a past interview. After the conference Dunn attended dinner at a nearby restaurant. At 7:30 p.m. he then attended a forum open to the public to commence on the reading of his poetry. The Pulitzer Prize winning collection of poetry, ‘Different Hours’ received the most attention from Dunn. Nine poems from that collection were recited, and over ten poems from additional collections. The Pulitzer Prizes, which are awarded annually by Columbia University in N.Y.C., are not easily obtained. With 2,000 entries submitted each year and only twenty-one awards normally given in a number of fields Dunn knew of the odds against him. When previously asked what he thought his chances were in winning the Pulitzer he stated, â€Å"I didn’t think I had a chance.† There was a stir throughout the audience as the p... Free Essays on Steven Dunn Free Essays on Steven Dunn Professor Stephen Dunn Wins Pulitzer Prize, â€Å"I didn’t think I had a chance.†By Brandi Fornicola Just yesterday poet Stephen Dunn sat casually awaiting questions from the students of a journalism class at Brookdale Community College. He entered the room, took off the layers of winter, and got settled. Dunn, a 2001 Pulitzer Prize winner for Poetry was also scheduled to recite his poems later on, these students had the benefit of meeting him in a more personal setting. After a long silence many inquiries were addressed towards Dunn. When asked if he will feel more pressured with his work since winning the Pulitzer he answered, â€Å" No. Not at all, I will however be more scrutinized because of it.† Dunn addressed each question directed towards him. As he chewed on the tip of his eyeglasses, he informed the students that he liked the attention that his work was getting more than the attention that he was receiving because of the award. â€Å"I think it is one of the dilemmas of being an American poet, that perhaps even if you are famous, you are more famous for being famous than if people know your poetry,† Dunn mentioned in a past interview. After the conference Dunn attended dinner at a nearby restaurant. At 7:30 p.m. he then attended a forum open to the public to commence on the reading of his poetry. The Pulitzer Prize winning collection of poetry, ‘Different Hours’ received the most attention from Dunn. Nine poems from that collection were recited, and over ten poems from additional collections. The Pulitzer Prizes, which are awarded annually by Columbia University in N.Y.C., are not easily obtained. With 2,000 entries submitted each year and only twenty-one awards normally given in a number of fields Dunn knew of the odds against him. When previously asked what he thought his chances were in winning the Pulitzer he stated, â€Å"I didn’t think I had a chance.† There was a stir throughout the audience as the p...