Siddhartha :: essays research papers

SIDDARTHAS FOLLOWING OF THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHSIn this paper, I will be explaining how Siddhartha had arrived at the Four app totallying Truths. The first paragraph contains how Siddharthas life was wide of the mark of suffering, pain, and sorrow. The second paragraph will be the cause of suffering is the longing for things that are really illusions in Siddharthas life. Following, in the third paragraph I will be explaining how the only way to cure suffering is to pass over desire. Finally, I will be explaining that the only way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold passage.The first Noble Truth is, all life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. Siddhartha had related to this due to his riches. Siddhartha had gained great wealth due to his working for Kamaswuasi. However, the only piece that Siddhartha lacked was that he knew his wealth was superficial. Though every man wishes he be rich, Siddhartha believed that being rich was not the key to reach nirvana.The second Nob le Truth is, the cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such as riches, power, and long life. Siddhartha had all of these things, however, no matter how rich, how powerful, how old, one can not reach nirvana by materialistic matters. In Siddharthas life, while a merchant, he played dice. However, when he lost he did not get mad, due to the fact that riches were not greatly important to him.The third Noble Truth is the only cure for suffering is to overcome desire. Siddhartha explains this Noble Truth by going to the river. In the river, he sees his shadow, and meditates. By meditating he is losing all the sorrows. As well, he is losing self and might help him achieve enlightenment. The last Noble Truth is the way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path. Siddhartha followed the Eightfold Path by when he was down by the river. When he was by the river he could live the life he wanted to by getting rid of all his sorrow and pain. The Eightfold Path consisted of right views, right aspirations, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right contemplation.

I Will Always Love and Cherish You :: Love Letters Dating Email Relationships

Dear Hilary,Seven years have passed since our first encounter and in those one-time(prenominal) seven years, we have made many memories and parted ways several times. Whenever we parted ways, we were led back to each other as if there was a spark between us. Ever since you entered my life I felt as if God somehow sent one of his angels down to me. Over the last few months, I purport worry my heart has grown stronger because of the love I have for you. This love gets stronger and stronger each and every day.I long for your soft, warm, and loving apprehension not only at sunrise but at sunset and at night as well. I think and dream rough you 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Hearing your voice at night always soothes me after a long day. With a woman like you, I look forward to nightfall and wish that night would come sooner so we could be together in dreamland.In November, I impart show you my true self and show you all that is in my heart, that I can only vaguely describe to you. You captured my heart fully this year and Im sunny it was you that did it. This is just the beginning of our lifelong journey together. My first path is southwest to be with you. The words of this letter cannot fully describe how I feel about you but they are the words and the small voice of my heart. You are a one of a kind woman and I want you to know that. I cannot wait to finally have you in my arms again and declare you safe from worlds harm. I cannot wait to feel your soft lips against mine. I cannot wait to feel your heartbeat. I cannot wait to look into your bright, beautiful green eyes and tell you I love you. I cannot wait to run my fingers through your long, flowing blonde hair to ease your worries.Lastly, I cannot wait to wake up in the morning with you lying next to me.

Horror and fear at the emergence of the monster in Chapter 5 of Franken

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is a work of mediaeval horror - a branch of romantic fiction characterized by its snap on sublime perceptions. The genre is often inspired by nightm ares with the intent to inspire horror and emotion in the reader. The era in which the novel was written, around the time of 1816, followed a period of great scientific advancement. Shelleys style is heavily influenced by the romantic poets with whom she spend time and her plot was influenced almost undoubtedly by the scientists of her time, who after its recent discovery had a great fascination with electricity and its effects on the gentleity body. Public displays of experiments were common, something Shelley would have been aware of.The famous French philosopher Rousseau and its setting in the Romantic Era seem also to have influenced the themes in the book with its focus on the necessity of emotion and the importance of protecting nature, something which could actually be seen as the main ?message? of the book. Her book is a warning against the ?over-reaching? of man and she uses the Gothic style to shock 19th Century readers. But what of the modern relevance of Frankenstein? Although the specific techniques used we straightaway know thanks to modern science to be impossible, Frankenstein still has power to inspire fear in the modern reader, perhaps because, with the advancement of Science and the huge opportunities to ?play God? now open to man, Shellys ideas are just as applicable today.Though told through the triple narration of Frankenstein, the monster and Robert Walton, the bulk of the novel is told from Frankensteins point of view as he relates his life history story to Walton, so that he can learn from Frankensteins mistakes. His narrative reveals to the re... ...ce breeching comfortable or natural boundaries is something which still causes instinctive unease in the majority of people. That human instinct is exactly what Shelley demonstrated Frankenstein was lacking. It was his abscission from every natural feeling, the understanding of human emotion on more than just a rational direct that allowed Frankenstein to create the monster. This parallel between 19th and 20th Century response gives equal if not greater relevance to the novels themes to modern day. The arsenal of knowledge now available to mankind to commit moral atrocities is even more extensive than in the era which provoked Mary Shelleys cautioning book. Frankenstein has removed the element of glory from deliver the goods in pushing the boundaries of science, instilling in the reader a greater respect for the true power of nature and for man?s inability to command it.

The Evolution of Religion Essay -- Philosophy Religion Essays

The Evolution of righteousnessNear the end of his novel, Darwins Dangerous Idea, Daniel Dennett questions religion and contends that it was an phylogenyary process to keep humans entertained. He says they religions beget kept Homo Sapiens civilized enough, for long enough, for us to suffer learned how to reflect more systematically and accurately on our position of the conception(519). Dennetts position is a controversial one, and it is difficult to argue because it is such an abstract subject. Religion is associated with free will, and has been explode of humans for thousands of years. Is religion as we know it unusable now, have we arrived at the point in evolution where it is no longer necessary?Dennett never tout ensemble dismisses current religion, save he does not meet its perpetuation either. Dennetts view of religion is as function, something that humans need, like opposable thumbs. He claims that religion has plough nevertheless about the actions, and that soon they will relegate out and belong in museums and zoos. Dennett elaborates this thought, what,then, of all the glories of our religious traditions? They should certainly be preserved, as should the languages, the art, the costumes the rituals, the monuments(519). Is this right? Should exclusively the material aspects be saved? Have they served their exactly purpose. Dennett seems to say that humans no longer need religions, and that since they have existed for so long they are no longer needed, it is their time for extinction. Will religions disappear release only the materials and traditions as Dennett seems to suggest they will, or will they evolve, and change to meet our modern world.In Karen Armstrongs explanation of God she says for 4,000 years it the idea of God has cons... ...sappeared, but they became infused into another(prenominal) religions. The ancient Hellenistic religion became infused into Christianity, and the Sumerian religion was an influence for the writers of the old testament (http//www.comparative-religion.com/ancient/). In that sense the ancient religions continue to exist, they have merely taken a different form.Will the modern religions of today follow a path positive by Dennett and Armstrong and disappear, or will they merely mystify influences in the next wave of religion? The major religions today have been in existence for thousands of years, but that does not mean that they will not evolve. As people and culture change, so will the worlds religions. People will always have faith, and humans have not achieved a point in evolution where religion is no longer needed, and it is highly unlikely that it will ever reach that point. The Evolution of Religion Essay -- Philosophy Religion EssaysThe Evolution of ReligionNear the end of his novel, Darwins Dangerous Idea, Daniel Dennett questions religion and contends that it was an evolutionary process to keep humans entertained. He says they religions have kept Homo Sapiens civilized enough, for long enough, for us to have learned how to reflect more systematically and accurately on our position of the universe(519). Dennetts position is a controversial one, and it is difficult to argue because it is such an abstract subject. Religion is associated with free will, and has been part of humans for thousands of years. Is religion as we know it useless now, have we arrived at the point in evolution where it is no longer necessary?Dennett never completely dismisses current religion, but he does not support its perpetuation either. Dennetts view of religion is as function, something that humans need, like opposable thumbs. He claims that religion has become merely about the actions, and that soon they will die out and belong in museums and zoos. Dennett elaborates this thought, what,then, of all the glories of our religious traditions? They should certainly be preserved, as should the languages, the art, the costumes the rituals, the monuments(519). Is this right? Should only the material aspects be saved? Have they served their only purpose. Dennett seems to say that humans no longer need religions, and that since they have existed for so long they are no longer needed, it is their time for extinction. Will religions disappear leaving only the materials and traditions as Dennett seems to suggest they will, or will they evolve, and change to meet our modern world.In Karen Armstrongs History of God she says for 4,000 years it the idea of God has cons... ...sappeared, but they became infused into other religions. The ancient Hellenistic religion became infused into Christianity, and the Sumerian religion was an influence for the writers of the old testament (http//www.comparative-religion.com/ancient/). In that sense the ancient religions continue to exist, they have merely taken a different form.Will the modern religions of today follow a path decreed by Dennett and Armstrong and disappear, or will they merely become influences in the next wave of religion? The major religions today have been in existence for thousands of years, but that does not mean that they will not evolve. As people and culture change, so will the worlds religions. People will always have faith, and humans have not achieved a point in evolution where religion is no longer needed, and it is highly unlikely that it will ever reach that point.

Piano by D. H. Lawrence Essay -- Piano D. H. Lawrence Essays

Piano by D. H. LawrenceThe poem Piano, by D. H. Lawrence describes his memories of childhood. Hearing a cleaning lady singing takes him to the time when his mother played piano on Sunday evenings. In the present, this woman is singing and playing the piano with great passion. However, the passionate symphony is not affecting him, because he can only think about his childhood rather than the beauty of the music that exists in his actual space.A woman is singing softly to the speaker in the dusk. The speaker is describing the place he is at in the present moment. Its partially dark, and a woman is singing to him. As he listens to the womans soft voice, he remembers the time when he was little. He says that it is taking him back down the vista of years, till he sees a child sitting under the piano. This child is the speaker. The child is sitting under the piano, in the boom of the tingling strings, and he is pressing the small, poised feet of a mother who smiles as she sings. When th e speaker was a child, he utilise to be under the piano where the strings were tingling since his mother was playing the piano. He used to press his mothers feet, which were in balance. His mother was singing with a smile on her face.The speaker sees this scenery in his mind. As a reader, I can even imagine him standing in a dark room looking at a woman singing and imagining his old age with his mother. Using the picturesque words such as softly, dusk...

Piano by D. H. Lawrence Essay -- Piano D. H. Lawrence Essays

Piano by D. H. LawrenceThe poem Piano, by D. H. Lawrence describes his memories of fryhood. Hearing a woman singing takes him to the eon when his set out played piano on Sunday level(p)ings. In the present, this woman is singing and playing the piano with great passion. However, the passionate music is not change him, because he can only think about his childhood rather than the beauty of the music that exists in his actual space.A woman is singing mildly to the speaker in the dusk. The speaker is describing the place he is at in the present moment. Its partially dark, and a woman is singing to him. As he listens to the womans soft voice, he remembers the time when he was little. He says that it is taking him back down the vista of years, till he sees a child sitting under the piano. This child is the speaker. The child is sitting under the piano, in the boom of the tingling strings, and he is pressing the small, poised feet of a mother who smiles as she sings. When the speaker was a child, he used to be under the piano where the strings were tingling since his mother was playing the piano. He used to press his mothers feet, which were in balance. His mother was singing with a smile on her face.The speaker sees this scenery in his mind. As a reader, I can even imagine him standing in a dark room looking at a woman singing and imagining his old days with his mother. Using the picturesque words such as softly, dusk...

Nsci 280 Week 4 Quiz

Week Four Quiz Chapter 9 Muscular System Histology and Physiology ________________________________________ 1. Which of the by-line is NOT a turn of skeletal brawn? a. body movement b. maintenance of posture c. ventilation d. constriction of organs e. production of heat 2. Which of the following is true? a. Skeletal muscleman is capable of spontaneous contraction. b. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs. c. Cardiac muscle cells have multiple nuclei. d. Smooth muscle cells are retentive and cylindrical. e. There is a small amount of smooth muscle in the heart. 3.Which type of muscle tissue has cells that branch? a. skeletal muscle b. smooth muscle c. cardiac muscle d. both skeletal and cardiac muscle e. both cardiac and smooth muscle 4. Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an make up in the a. number of muscle fibers. b. size of muscle fibers. c. number of striations. d. number of nuclei within the muscle fibers. e. number of muscle c ells. 5. Actin myofilaments a. resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. b. lay off both myosin and tropomyosin. c. are held in place by the M line. d. contain strands of fibrous actin. . are the thickest proteins in muscle. 6. When an action potential reaches the presynaptic storehouse, a. calcium ions diffuse into the presynaptic terminal through voltage-gated ion channels. b. acetylcholine moves into the presynaptic terminal. c. a local potential is generated in the presynaptic terminal. d. ligand-gated ion channels in the presynaptic terminal are opened. e. nothing else happens. 7. In excitation-contraction coupling, a. calcium ions must bind with myosin to name active sites on actin. b. myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin. . cross-bridges form between myosin heads and calcium ions. d. movement of the troponin-tropomyosin complex causes actin myofilaments to slide. e. ATP binds to actin myofilaments. 8. Which of the following helps explain the increase tension see n in multiple wave summation? a. increased motor unit recruitment b. increased concentration of calcium ions around the myofibrils c. exposure of more(prenominal) active sites on myosin myofilaments d. the breakdown of elastic elements in the cell e. decreased stimulus frequency 9. An isotonic contraction is described as a. ction potential frequency is high enough that no relaxation of muscle fibers occurs. b. a muscle produces constant tension during contraction. c. a muscle produces an increasing tension during contraction. d. a muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens. e. a muscle produces tension, but the length of the muscle is increasing. 10. Which type of respiration occurs in the mitochondria? a. anaerobic respiration b. aerobic respiration c. both anaerobic and aerobic respiration Chapter 10 Muscular System Gross Anatomy ________________________________________ 1.The sternocleidomastoid muscle extends from the mastoid process of the temporal chock up to the stern um and medial clavicle. When both sternocleidomastoid muscles contract, the head is flexed. The end of the muscle that connects to the sternum is the a. origin. b. belly. c. body. d. insertion. e. fixator. 2. Which of the following represents a class I lever system? a. convergence your legs b. hyperextension of the head c. standing on your tiptoes d. flexion of the elbow to elevate the hand e. lifting weight with your arm 3. In order to stabilize the hyoid so that the voice box can be elevated in swallowing, the _____ muscle group is used. . Pterygoid b. Infrahyoid c. Auricularis d. Suprahyoid e. hyoglossus 4. If abdominal muscles are contracted while the vertebral column is fixed this will service in a. vomiting. b. childbirth. c. urination. d. defecation. e. All of these choices are correct. 5. Which muscle will depress the scapula or elevate the ribs? a. levator scapulae b. serratus front c. pectoralis minor d. subclavius e. rhomboideus major 6. Which of the following muscles extends the forearm and has its insertion on the ulna? a. Deltoid b. biceps brachii c. triceps brachii d. brachialis e. coracobrachialis . The gluteus maximus a. does most of the work in sit-ups. b. accounts for a sprinters stance. c. allows one to sit cross-legged. d. is used in the knee-jerk reflex. e. is a common site for injections. 8. Label muscle A on the diagram. a. orbicularis oculi b. temporalis c. trapezius d. sternocleidomastoid e. masseter 9. Label muscle A on the diagram. a. linea alba b. serratus anterior c. rectus abdominis d. external oblique e. internal oblique 10. What does A represent? a. Coracobrachialis b. Deltoid c. pectoralis major d. biceps brachii e. serratus anterior

Reaching Your Potential

After I read this article I fond out that managing yourself is a considerably way to be successful. there ar well-nigh strategies of how to achieve higher levels of success, such as knowing yourself, excelling at vituperative tasks and demonstrating character and leaders. The purpose is to clear understand who you atomic number 18 and what your dream is. There is one strategies really touched me is that knowing your self from strengths and weakness can help you to achieve your dream or goal. First, knowing yourself is telling you to understand what are your strengths and weaknesses when you start your career.Some people can easily tell what are their strengths, but hard to defined the weakness. Talking to other people who knows you is a good way to get the answer. After finding the weakness and strength, the next thing is to ask yourself about what is your dream work and what do you enjoy doing? Then nutrition your strength and face your weakness in order to reach your full p otential. I do agree this strategy and it helps a lot, I still cogitate when I started working, I wasnt good at communication at first.However, my job required me to communicate with different manufactures, so I need to transact with different departments and sometimes I am asked to go to the factory to see the quality of samples. It requires a certain level of communication skills. In order to fare my communication skill, I try to write down my eyeshades before conversations. After a lot of time practice, I can clearly state my point of view. I faced my weakness in order to do well with my job. I think those practices not only improve my working ability but in like manner having a good effect even up to now.Secondly, Excelling at critical tasks is to know how to develop your skills and how to distribute times after a critical business meeting. In order to reach your potential, it requires introspection and certain proactive behaviors. This strategy reminds me of my previews ma nager when I working in a French mien company. She is good at using spare time to find utile information. In my memory, she always came to office half hour earlier and collected some latest news from fashion newspaper and websites, and prepared work to each designer.This is a good way to distribute times and practice the skill of colleting useful information. Last but not least is demonstrating character and leadership, a leader is a good decision maker and benefits the organizations overall performance, and also they need to speak up and make better choices. I think leadership is a major element in management field, and better leadership can make company better organized. In conclusion, the advice for you to reaching your potential is to identify your dream, develop the skills after finding your weakness, and exhibit character and leadership.

Communication’s Effect on Effective Conflict Management

The surgical operation of effective appointment management is very complex. There atomic number 18 many elements that one must master in order to become effective at conflict gag rule. In life, we volition be faced with a myriad of people, all(a) with different views and opinions so naturally, we will be faced with conflict at some send in our lives. Once conflict is initiated (intentionally or not), it is of the essence(p) to keep a cool head and remember a few gaits.According to our textbook, there ar 5 stages for conquestful conflict closure which atomic number 18 prelude to conflict, the triggering event, the initiation phase, the differentiation phase, and the occlusion phase (Cahn & Abigail, 2007). It is very important to identify and learn these stages so they arse be present in our minds during times of conflict. The first stage is the prelude to conflict stage. This stage deals with the tension that arises right before a conflict becomes external. Communicatio n plays a large subprogram in this stage. If communication fails, conflict will ensue.Communication can fail if one or much involved parties communicate with a negative connotation, tone, or word choice. Other things such as sharing too much information or not enough can also bring a detrimental effect on communication at this point. All of these factors, although generally considered small components of communication, can lay the foundation for conflict. During this stage, the correct thing to do is to finish up talking for a brief moment and examine ones own emotions in an attempt to control them. Oftentimes, our inability to control our emotions will overcloud our judgment and will only serve up to escalate the bailiwick.It is also important to deal with the preconceived notions that we may rescue as these too can have an impact on our judgment. According to the attri exclusivelyion theory, people act as they do in conflict situation be earn of the conclusions they draw about each former(a) (Cahn & Abigail, 2007). In nearly cases, our body nomenclature will also betray us and will project the negative feelings we may be experiencing. Many times, we can misread a mortal and this may lead to what is populaten as false conflict. Perception of conflict is a cognitive factor that encompasses an individuals position toward conflict in general,(Ben-Ari & Hirshberg, 2009).It is for this reason that it is very important to make a serious effort to eliminate prejudgments and any negative body language that goes with it. Taking these steps during phase 1 will prevent setting a tone of hostility and will eliminate any unnecessary conflict. grade 2 of the conflict refers to the actual event or events that trigger the conflict. This is a very important factor because by determining the trigger, we can focus on what the real conflict is and identify it. By focusing on the trigger, we can focus on the events and facts, rather than on the emotions behind the c onflict.When addressing a conflict it is important to stay professional person at all times, (Diffusing conflict, 2010). This will help keep the focus on the conflict itself and should help keep communication from beseeming hostile. It is also important to isolate and identify the true conflict as oftentimes, resulting emotions will cloud our better judgment. Once we have a better sagacity of what the true conflict is, we can move to the next phase of the appendage. The next phase is known as the initiation phase. During the initiation phase, it is important to state the problem. Ideally, this accomplish should foster communication.In order to move forward towards a successful resolution, it is important that all sides get to state their side of the conflict. Communication at this point becomes critical to solving the problem. It is also important to keep an open mind and listen to everything that is said. In many cases, others may have been offended by something we do or say wi thout us knowing it. In order to successfully resolve the conflict, it is not enough to simply state the conflict and listen to all sides of the issue, but rather it is important to present possible solutions to the problem.The most effective way to ensure resolution is to formulate an adequate conflict strategy. Conflict strategies are overall plans consisting of a cluster of behaviors that people use in a specific conflict situation (Abigail & Cahn, 2007). This should occur during the following phase which is known as the differentiation phase. During this phase, it is advised that you analyze the information exchanged in the previous stages and work to formulate an adequate conflict strategy suit qualified for this particular conflict. Ideally, this process should foster an open, honest communication amongst the affected parties.It is important that everyone involved keep an open mind so that all possibilities are heard and so that we may keep our conflict strategy flexible. Agai n, communication plays a pivotal role in determining the success of the conflict strategy. The use of active listening and fool communication will be useful in getting all resolution ideas out on the table. It is important to be clear about what you inhabit from this conflict but it is of equal importance to listen to what the other party is seeking from this conflict. The final phase is the resolution phase.During this step, the affected parties should work together to bring home the bacon a realistic resolution that will benefit both parties. Part of good communication is having good listening skills. Once you reach this step, the conflict should be de-escalated and should be much easier to find middle ground. Since all sides have stated their positions and desires in the previous steps of this conflict, it is important to remember that emotions may still be raw. Communication and respect should take precedent in this phase in order to avoid falling into the pitfalls of conflic t once again.A good resolution should fulfill certain requirements in order to be considered a success. First and foremost, the resolution should be considered fair and reasonable. Although, realistically, not everyone will get their way, everyone should be able to feel like they understand why they are not getting what they feel like they deserve. Feeling that the resolution was fair and unbiased will help prevent future conflict. The agreement should also be realistic and specific enough so that everyone may know what needs to be done and when.In order to proceed, everyone needs to understand what their role is for this resolution. It is also important to clarify the details of the resolution such as defining whether it is self-governed or whether it counts on others to utilize it (Ohrd, 2010). Once these precedents have been set and everyone understands the terms of the agreement, resolution is complete. genius additional step is to follow up. Following up is not a traditional step in the conflict management process, but it has become a very important way of going above and beyond. It serves as a gesture of saving grace and also helps to ensure that the terms of resolution are being met.It is also just as important to ensure that one keeps their own end of the resolution during the follow up phase as failure to do so will only cause yet another conflict to arise. As a guest service representative, I am faced with conflict on a daily basis. My communication skills have to be sharp as I am an over-the- remember representative for a national cell phone alliance. I deal with people from all walks of life and from all parts of the country.Usually, when a person phones in to the cell phone company, it is because they are experiencing an issue or are upset about something. Finally understanding the affect communication has on the conflict process has helped me improve in my conflict resolution skills at work. While at work, my main tool is communication since I am over the phone and I must get my point across verbally. bingle of my main functions is to de-escalate a customer that is calling in upset. Often, a customer will call in screaming and yelling because of their anger and frustration. At first, it was very hard not to get upset and respond in a confusable manner.I have learned that I am the face of the company and in the customers minds, I am the company itself so the conflict is not with me personally, but rather the company. With this in mind, I realize how important it is for me to keep my tone and word choice professional. Phase 1 is extremely important in my line of business because it lays the foundation for how the call will go. Once a call gets off to a bad start, it is very hard to turn it around, so I have to get it right. Phase 2 usually occurs very early on in the call since the customer calling already knows what their conflict is.It is my job to actively listen to what issues the customer is experiencing and then move on to phase 3 so that I may analyze what the customer said and identify the problem. Although most customers are very straightforward with stating the problem, sometimes even they are not sure about what the real conflict is. They only know the issues they are experiencing. One common example of this is when a customer calls in to cancel their line because their bill is consistently high. After listening to what they feel is the problem, my phase 3 procedure is to analyze their account and identify the cause of the high bills.On my most recent example, the cause of the high bills was minute overages. I proceeded to check their accounts history and they had consistently been going over in their minutes for months. Phase 4 of my conflict resolution in this case would involve explaining the true cause of the high bills and suggesting a plan that better fits the customers needs. This solution is often met with some resistance, initially, because the customer does not see the bene fit for them. They see a plan with more minutes that will cost them more money, so it is my job to help the customer see the benefit of what I am proposing. soul who usually pays $30 in overages on average per month would benefit greatly by changing to a plan that is $10 more per month but would include enough minutes to suit their use. In order to achieve this, effective communication must take place. By phase 4, I should have already calmed the customer down, listened to their issues, and identified the problem. When presenting the solution, I must also be very careful in my tone and word choice as these are my tools to resolve the conflict. Both my tone and word choice have to project confidence and professionalism.Customers need to feel that they are dealing with a professional who is a specialist to help them so that they can keep an open mind to what I will suggest to them. The 5th phase is the resolution phase. In this particular situation, the customer has the last word in c hoosing the resolution, but it is my job to steer them towards a resolution that is positive for both the customer and the company. This final process requires that we recap all of the information discussed and reinforce that the decision being made is the correct one.This provides additional closure to help the customer feel confident that they are making an informed decision with a professional company. The last step of the conflict resolution process in this scenario is the follow-up. We have several methods of performing follow-ups with our customers. One way of following up with the customer is through our post-call surveys. Customers receive follow-up calls from our customer service department and answer a series of questions as to how their customer service representative treated them and if their conflict was solved adequately.This is a very important step because aside from re-affirming the importance of communication with our customer, it also helps the company know what t ypes of conflict are not being resolved efficiently. Another way that the company seeks to follow-up with our customers is by having customer service representatives perform follow-up reviews on customers accounts. Generally, we are given time at the beginning of our shift to review the accounts we have handled previously. We document whether or not the customer has called back within 48 hours of their last contact with us.The theory behind this is that if we are doing an effective job of resolving conflict with the customer as a company, the customers issue should be resolved in one call. If the customer has called back within 48 hours of their call with you, then you did not adequately solve their issues and the conflict continued. By performing follow-up reviews, the company can keep track of your one call resolution accuracy and can coach each representative on specific types of calls that they need help on based on their one call resolution review.This follow up review is effec tive in that it shows the companys commitment to getting the conflict resolved for the customer and it also shows the companys commitment to helping the employee succeed and improve. The process of conflict management, although complex, relies hard on the use of effective communication. Conflict management is a part of daily life and recognizing the importance of communication will increase the rate of success in dealing with conflict. Learning to communicate clearly and openly will make mastering the art of conflict management a much more pleasant experience.Referenceshttp//www.ohrd.wisc.edu/onlinetraining/resolution/step8.htm

Aztecs VS Mongols Essay

The Mongols and the Aztecs evolved on completely opposite sides of the world, so they had a substantial amount of differences. The contrasted culturally and socially. For example, religion was one of the numerous differences between the two. Also, the foundation of their societies was various as well one being based on agriculture and the other being nomadic. However, they were not different in every aspect. The Mongols and Aztecs were similar politically because both had substantial and fibrous militaries.Culturally, the Aztecs and Mongols were different, particularly with their religions. The Aztec Empire theologyped their Sun beau ideal they believed that the sun was a gift from the Gods and that as it goes down every night, theyre required to make sacrifices in order to make it rise up again the next morning. Their king had to be a descendant of the Sun God in order to rule and he lived in a large religious temple. On the other hand, the Mongols were tolerant of most religion s (Buddhism, Christianity, Shamanism, Islam).There were few places of worship because of the fact that they were nomadic, just now they did praise their Allah. The empire prototypal began as Pagans exactly eventually Islam became the favored religion of the empire because the Mongols went into the middle east.They did not sacrifice people, but they did animals. This religious difference exists because the two empires are on reverse regions of the globe, the Mongols in central Asia/Middle East and the Aztecs in present day Mexico Therefore we hold up that the different areas of the world followed different customs and religions.The Aztecs and Mongols also contrasted socially, specifially because of the foundation of their civilizations. The Aztecs based their civilization on agriculture. They lived in what is Mexico today which had fertile soil and was surrounded by water, thus making it easier to maintain crops and create a system to manage the water. Then there were the Mongols who didnt really stay in one spot, but were pastoral nomads who traveled all the way fromEastern Europe to Central Asia with their livestock as a way of obtaining food. Not only did the Aztecs live in such a fertile area of the world, but their main city, Tenochtitlan, was surrounded by Lake Texcoco which provided them with easy access to trade routes. The Mongols could not be agricultural-based peoples like the Aztecs because of the exceedingly dry desert-like land they inhabited which was not suitable for crops. Therefore they had to resort to the nomadic lifestyle in order to survive.The Mongols and Aztecs were fairly similar politically. Both civilizations had prodigious militaries and conquered everyone around them. The Mongol Empire was a military empire, with Genghis Khan as their leader. They used progress weapons from China (such as the bow and arrow and flaming catapults), and were resplendent horse warriors. The boys were trained to be soldiers at the age of 14 and we re forced to join the army. The Aztecs also had a society strongly based around their powerful military. In their empire, every boy who was physically capable would be trained to fight even with little notice. The aggressive warlike way of life in these societies made them very sturdy empires both were able to conquer areas around them that no one else was able to, because of their intellegence of warfare and use of weapons.Overall, the Aztecs and Mongols were both large and advanced empires. Although they developed at different times and in different places, they had similar military lifestyles. But there were also plenty of things that differentiated the two empires the first being their religious beliefs and the second being the social foundations of their society (agricultural or nomadic).

Establishing The Internet in Public Schools

Modems, e-mail, wwws and .coms are these phrases merely a part of a ecumenic fad, or are they here to stay? And if they are, then what role should they play in the future of public education? Many times, new things come along, and we both jump on the big boat of opportunity so quickly that we forget to sort at the long term merits of what were boarding. The Internet is a grave example of this, and we should all take a much closer look beforehand we decide whether the Internet has a purpose and a place in the public schools of tomorrow.Education is merely preparing students for the future. But what is the future? No one chiffonier say with certainty. But by taking a quick look around us, we can guess that the Internet willing play a prominent role in our future. If we look at the stock market, for example, we can condition internet and technology stocks skyrocketing beginning their first day on the market. Or, turn on the television and one will surely hear a commercial telli ng everyone to check out their companys web site for more information on their product. Daily, we can see the Internet becoming more integrated in our lives and in the lives of our youth. Without the internet in our schools, how will teachers instruct students to take full advantage of what the internet has to offer?After establishing that the Internet is indeed a ripening part of our society that will not likely disappear soon, schools and their administrators must decide if the Internet is a necessity or a luxury. The answer is unprejudiced the Internet is a luxury. If it were a necessity for public schools survival, then how have they made it this far without it? Though the Internet is a luxury, that does not mean it has no place in public schools. Imagine schools today without luxuries such as the light bulb, copy machine, or personal computer. Ten years ago, it would have been unrealistic to compose a letter, to send it, and have it received all in a matter of seconds. It is imperative that students are taught how to access these new opportunities so that when compared with separate students anywhere in the world, they will not lag behind in Internet proficiency.Schools must begin to incorporate internet education into their regular computer program in order for students to be successful in todays internet-savvy world. It is the responsibility of public schools to prepare our students for the future, and without the Internet in our schools, this would be impossible. By forbidding the internet to take down our schools, we would be condemning our students by sending them out into the age of the internet, being armed with nothing.Though the merit of the Internet itself will continue to be debated, it is plain becoming an important part of our society and, therefore, must also become an important part of our schools, which are the future of our society. Had the youth of yesterday not been taught how to make use of computers, then they could not have cr eated the internet of today. Therefore, if students of today are not taught how to use the Internet, then we are limiting the possibility of new discoveries tomorrow. It is important that we defecate this the education that is provided for our youth today will determine our future.In conclusion, schools and its communities must accept the inevitable and climb aboard the Internet ship of opportunity before it sets sail, leaving the future of our students, communities and nation behind. Where will this fateful journey end? Will it end in tragedy such as the Titanic, or will we be sailing on the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria to end at yet another beginning where something newer and more exciting awaits us? Only time can tell.

Employment Interview Essay

1.Tell me something about yourself.I am a person who has very good work ethics, dependable, and also have bulky interpersonal skills. I have the ability to get a pine well with people. I am always up for a new challenge and flavour for creative solutions to problems.2.Why should I hire you?I am a person who has strong work ethics, dedicated, dependable, reliable, trustworthy, and self-starter.3.What are your strengths?I have several strengths.I have a strong work ethic, I am a quick learner, always punctual, and I am a great team player.4.What are your weaknesses?My weakness is that I am a hard worker and sometimes I can catch myself working too hard on things.5.Why are you applying for this correct?I am applying for this position because I know that I am the right fit for the position that is available and I know I can action everything that you are looking for in an employee.6.What can you contribute to this company?I can contribute a lot to this company but I remember that yo u need an honest girl like me I will be a devoted person to this company and I will not let you down. I think you will be satisfied with me as your choice7.What are your short-term goals?My short term goal is to get a position where I can use the education, my knowledge, and my strengths. I want to find a company that will allow me to participate in the growth of the company.Group B Behavior-Based Questions1.Tell me about a difficult situation you dealt with when supervising others. What did you do, and what were the results?I was a back perspective supervisor as a doctors office where I was over 4 other employees. I had two of them who didnt want to do their daily job duties and when they did their duties they half fast them. So I put a reward system into play to where monthly if their jobs were done correctly I wouldtake them out for a nice dinner. In the long run they all started doing their jobs and our work and personal relationships got a lot better. 2.Describe the last time that you did something that went beyond what was expected in work or school.I was elect as a team leader for a school project, the team was made up of 5 team members. As a team we were to keep open a 50 page paper, a PowerPoint along with a presentation for this capstone course. As a team not everyone cooperates like you want them to. So I had to pick up a lot of the work that others were not doing. At the end of the class our presentation was to be 10-12 minutes in distance (about 2 minutes each). We didnt have everyone cooperate in the presentation so in order to get the team members a good range I had to complete 5 minutes of the team presentation. We ended up with a good grade and everyone was happy.

Medical Technology in Today’s Society Essay

Medical technology in todays society is oftentimes call inn as a treatment or cure for human health let ons. The frontier aesculapian exam technology refers to the diagnostic or therapeutic application of recognition to improve the management of health. Unfortunately, the negative impacts of this technology be often left unexposed to the public until too late. Medicine, such as drugs, is often perceived to be of clear to humans as it is used to cure various diseases. On the other hand, medicine can excessively be soaringly damaging. Using medicine falsely consuming it in small dosages, in excess, or using it abusively can be injurious to peoples health.Modern medical technology can also be damaging for human well-being but this effect is non restricted to health. Throughout time people have become increasingly dependent on modern medicine. This is especially so in todays modern society. Medical intervention by use of technology has been able to benefactor prolong many l ives. An example of this is those who suffer from asthma. These sufferers may use air purifiers and/or nebulizers along with prescribed medication to help them live more satisfactory and longer lives. It can be deemed a miracle that we ar able to help so many people overcome their illnesses with medical technology.The current technologies available are able to do incredible things but people must be constantly aware of other modern technologies that can interfere and put the patient role at risk. An example of this is the pace nobleman which has the ability to save a persons life and ultimately extend it. However, external factors can interfere with medical technology and ultimately put the patient at risk. For example, radiation from everyday items such as microwaves to wireless devices such as mobile phones can see the subroutine of the pace maker.Thus medical technology has a negative impact on the user of this device as it places environmental limitations on where he or she can go. Users of such a device therefore need to be continuously wary of their environment. In addition, the implementation of a pace maker pr nonethelessts users from undertaking MRI scans as the process interferes with the function of the device. This is a prime example of medicine acting against itself, All medical technology needs to be treated and used with caution. Respirators need to be constant monitored and the same applies for the simplest drips.Hospitals nowadays are equipped with technology that requires the operating knowledge of hospital staff and medical professionals. The medical technology that is used in hospitals needs to be carefully monitored. Misuse could lead to an accident that has the possibility to cause a long term negative effect for the patient. It is due to the above reason that today, proficient clinical settings require the consistent expertise of all medical staff in copulation to the operation of medical technology.Medical technology was invented f or our health and well being. However there is always the risk of unforeseen consequences. An example of this is LASIK (Laser-Assisted In-Situ Keratomileusis) eye surgery, an operation where a patient has his or her vision corrected. Eyesight clinics advertised that the operation would improve a persons vision and give freedom to those who did non like wearing glasses or contacts all the time. Before user a laser to correct the vision the operation required the practitioner to go forth open the patients corner.During the trial stages of the operation, this procedure led to several unsuccessful results where the patients suffered from extremely dry eyes, milky vision and poorer eyesight than forward to the operation. opposite disastrous results included foggy visions, starbursts around lights and double vision. These after effects negatively impacted the lives of the patients greatly as they now had worse vision than prior to the operation. However, it is thanks to researchers t hat the medical technology in this field has advanced to a level where the risks are now minimal.These professionals are currently working on a new method of corrective eye surgery where it leave behind not be necessary to cut open the cornea in front lasik surgery is used. There will be even less of a chance that things will go wrongly if the answer to this problem is found. The Gamma Ray, used to eliminate cancerous cells around the brain without the use of open surgery, is another example where medical technology could have negative effects. Its intention was to cure people with cancerous cells in places of high risk or in places that could not be safely accessed by open surgery.The risk lies in the calculation of the amount of radiation that is directed at the cancer. If there is a miscalculation the laser may destroy the cancer and other cells around it, leading to brain damage. From these two examples one can see that there is a limit to how medical technology can be used. Drugs created by medical technology are intended to help humans incur from their illness or improve their condition, however they are harmful if taken in small dosages, in excess or if used in the wrong way. For example if more that 400mg of vitamin E if is taken a day it will act as a blood thinner.Large doses of vitamin A causes heart problems. An drug of cold and fly medications can lead to liver failure. Medicine, such as antibiotics are often perceived to be of benefit to humans as it is unremarkably used to treat bacterial infectious diseases. On the other hand, antibiotics can have unpleasant consequences if taken in dosages that do not completely pass the pathogen, thereby contributing to resistance. Antibiotics can also be used abusively when physicians prescribe the drug unnecessarily or if patients become complacent and do not adhere to the necessary antibiotic therapy.From these examples it is easy to see that medicines can cause adverse effects if taken in excess, s mall dosages or if used in the wrong way. Lack of funding for medical technology can cause negative effects on the genetic fitness of populations. It can bring near misleading information to the creation of a cure. As new diseases are constantly emerging, doctors, scientists and researchers need to know as much information about the affection before they can find a cure.They need to know specific information such as the lifespan of the offending pathogen, if the disease is a virus, the postulate signs and symptoms and the genetic make up before they can start research on the cure. However, lack of funds mode that research projects may be delay or even stopped before a cure is found. Researchers need the money so that they will have access to proper equipment and resources. Without it, they may not be able to conclude a research project that has the potential to find information that will lead to a cure. A major issue in medical technology is regulation.Ethical considerations nee d to be recognised and evaluated before research can continue. Also the lack of funding also means that cures cannot be tested thoroughly. All cures, whether they are over the counter drugs or prescription medications to medical technology (electronic thermometers), need to be thoroughly tested before they can be passed onto the market or used safely by professionals. In addition, the testing regimes may incur societal backlash due to experimentation on animals. As a result, lack of funds can prevent cures from being formed and this negatively impacts the public.Medical technology is very important for those with diseases and those who are ill or injured. For people with asthma a breathing machine may be essential for life, without it breathing may become difficult and even dangerous. Medical technology can add years to our lives and can make life better. It enables us to live past the normal expectancy of life. Technology has so many benefits. Without it we would not be able to tr avel, contact others around the world, entertain, or educate as well as we do. Medical technology is perhaps the or so important technology of all.

Gender Identity Essay

Gender Identity is virtuallything that everyone experiences. Just like any other major(ip) contri justor to life, there ar many factors that help in the determination of gender identity. Some commit that gender identity is set(p) by either nature, nurture or a little indorsement of both. A soulfulnesss gender can be reckond by the hormones produced during gestation. The combination of hormones determines if the shake of a fetus will be a boy or a girl.In some cases, Some individuals are born with both ovarian and testicular tissues (Spencer A. Rathus, 2011) When this occurs, a someone is considered to be a hermaphrodite. Although an individual in such situation has parts of bot h devolve on, they usually consider themselves to be the sex that is assigned at birth. When a child is born a hermaphrodite, the gender at birth is determined by the combination of X and Y chromosomes. The X,X chromosomes combination produces female organs on the inside and outdoor(a) sexual organs that mimic those of a male. The clitoris is enlarged and may resemble a abject penis. (Spencer A. Rathus, 2011)An individual who was born this way may have a hard time identifying with their gender identity. A hermaphrodite can be classified as a female based on the chromosome combination, but have a hard time identifying with the female gender because of the external sexual organs.According to the maleness and femininity continuum, some individuals are considered to be more manlike and feminine than others. For example, a female who goes against a male for his position in the workplace would be considered more masculine. According to the text A person who is highly masculine, whether male or female, may also possess feminine traits- and vice versa. (Spencer A. Rathus. 2011)In my life, the estimate one factor that contributed to my gender identity is the way my family has treated me. As a child my aim dressed me in girly clothes and didnt allow me to do the things my brother co uld do growing up because I was a girl, and he was a boy. Another thing that contributed to my gender identity is when I went by means of puberty and started to develop my feminine body parts.The changes in my body contributed to my feeling like a cleaning woman and more feminine. Although I am feminine, I do possess attributes that can be considered to be masculine. I go for what I want and dont allow boundaries based on gender to determine my choices in life. I am a woman that does handy work around the house, so for that I would be considered masculine based on the continuum of masculinity-femininity.Although I have several masculine traits based on the continuum of masculinity-femininity, I also possess feminine traits. I am a nurturing woman who expresses herself with emotion. When a person is considered to be masculine, they are considered to me more instrumental when a person is considered to be feminine they are considered to be more expressive and sensitive.I ideate it i s very possible for someone to be both masculine and feminine, I think most people have both masculine and feminine traits. There are many of stereotypes that fall under the titles of masculine and feminine. Not all men have to be plait workers and not all women have to be stay-at-home moms. I dont fully intend in gender roles. I believe a man can play a womens role and vice versa, and for doing so an individual shouldnt be stereotyped. I dont think if a man cooks and cleans and stays home with the children that it makes him less of a man.According to the continuum of masculinity and femininity, he would be considered to be more feminine. To be androgynous is to be both masculine and feminine. Some suggest to be androgynous is to be in better shape psychologically then those strictly feminine or undifferentiated. I believe that a person who is androgynous is well rounded and may be in a better position psychologically than those who are undifferentiated.Gender identity is somethin g that starts in gestation, it is determined erst a child is born and develops even more as the individual gets older.ReferencesRathus, S. A., Nevid, J.S., and Fichner-Rathus, L. (2005). Human sexuality in a world of diversity. (6th ed.) Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon.

Interpretation of the poem, “Sa Aking mga Kabata“ Essay

The first stanza speaks that Rizal wants us to pick out our own wrangle and it is a gift from above that was given onto us to be grateful of. It is a blessing that desire any other nationalities we were gifted of. We are aware that Rizal was motivated to write this metrical composition during the time of Spanish supremacy because we were under their colony. He addresses us to love our run-in for it is our step towards liberty. As Rizal correlated it to a tinkers dam that can freely fly up in the sky, it has a get out to fly wherever it wants to go and whatever it wants to do. But if this bird is in a howl the like us, Philippines, who can non stand for what we intrust is right, we will neer experience independence.The next stanza implies that a nation that loves a god-given language alike loves freedom. For language is the final judge and reference upon the people in the land where it holds and sway. A Philippine who loves his innate vernacular will definitely fight for his freedom arrestmingly like a bird lumilipad nang pagkataas-taas para sa mas malawak na liliparan, a person who preserves the marks of its liberty, as man preserve his independence. Language is not plainly a communication tool further as an expression of unrivaleds identity, of virtuosos individual and social consciousness. Without a common identity, there could be no real sense of nationhood. grow intercourse and use of ones native tongues was one of the badges of a true patriot .In the succeed stanza, Rizal compared the person who doesnt love his native tongue from a putrid fish. Just like a fish which originally lives in water, stinks every time it goes out of its place. Like some of the Filipinos that we could observe, we could see that when they bind reached a foreign res publica and adapted the foreign language and culture, they tend to forget their own. And as they stool adapted that culture, they will be so haughty to despise and scorn their own fellow workfor ce. They hide and wield their identity for world a Filipino even though its very discernible. They beneficial need themselves look foolish and shameful. And with the last two lines from the third stanza, Rizal intercommunicate to us that our own language must(prenominal) be cherished and should not be forgotten because its a very valuable self-will of our own rural area.Fascination when we discovered that Rizal was just an eight-year-old lad when he wrote this numbers. At a very schoolboyish age and a boy who grew up speaking several languages, it is very inspiring to hear mortal say these lyrics with such gigantic nationalism with great love of his own tongue. Reflecting our past, we saw ourselves unconsciously arch(a) foreign languages. We wanted to be those whites who have slang tongues. Where have our native tongues has gone? We were gaining colonial wag without our awareness. The bad news is, we allow it to happen. And what Rizal was trying to resound is that even our very ownFinally, the last stanza implies that we, just like the other nations existing, have its own exceptional characteristics that we can be greatly proud of, those unadorned qualities of universe a Filipino such that the blood itself that runs through your veins, the culture, and your innate YOU is a certified Filipino that you can never obliterate. Sad to say, the cornerstones established by our forefathers to come up with a better country is now into annihilationAnnihilation ca apply by the influx of challenges doomed to spoil what we haveReasonJose Rizal was thusly eight years old when he wrote this shout because he wanted to reveal his earliest nationalist sentiment. In the poetic verses, he proudly and pompously asserted that a people who trully love their native language will definitely srtive for liberty like the bird which soars to freer space above. Indeed, he is a great hero was utilise to the Filipino Youth. definition of My first inletThe word inspiration has two levels of centre the conventional one we use every day and the root meaning rarely used in modern language but always present as a connotation of the other (1) foreplay of the mind or tonusings to a high level of feeling or activity, and (2) The act of breathing in the inhalation of air into the lungs.This poem speaks to (2) in the first stanza the breathing in of sweetly aromas on what is declared to be a festive day. The second stanza moves to the sweet, musical sound of birds singing in the woods and vales on such a day. The third stanza, of course, begins to merge the two mental images in a subtle way the birds appear to sing (or are startled into singing) by the sound of the wind blowing. The wind would supply them breath for singing, but it also seems to inspire their singing, as in (1) above that is, it stimulates them to a high level of activity. In the one-quarter stanza, the spring of water tunes its murmur likewise to the sound of the breezes (zephyrs) as it flows along among the flowers.Hence, in this first one-half of the poem we have music of birds and brook inspired by the wind that is, the very air we breathe. And also we breathe the fragrance of the flowers (among which the brook flows), for it is borne on the wind. The imagery of these first four stanzas is, thus, neatly tied together, good-looking us a sense of the festivity of a beautiful spring day in nature. The poem could be complete at this point it would be a sweet little nature poem, a song.But the poem moves in a different direction now. Why does this day seem so much brighter, more beautiful than others? Why is morning brighter today? The next two stanzas answer this question. The poem, it turns out, is addressed to the speakers mother, and it is her day of blooming (birthday, probably). The perfume of the flowers, the songs of the birds, and the sound of the bubbling brook all note her day, they feast in her honor. They wish her all the best Live happily ever aft er. Now the poem becomes more fragile, more understated. For ones dear mother is also ones inspirationthere at ones first breath in life, there to move one toward creative acts or ideas. But to say that in so many words would be timeworn and sentimental. So in the last stanza the speaker acts out the feeling. Joining the music of the brook (and of the birds and the winds), the speaker will play upon a lute. The mother is asked to turn from Nature to Human art, from the birds and the brook to the sound of the lute expressing emotion wordlessly. And what is the inspiration that moves the lutist to play? Why, the impulse of my love.The speakers love for the mother. The mothers love reflected in her child. This is the first sound of music, which is inspired by the mother/child love but, indeed, the whole poemthe music of its verseshas already been inspired also in the same way. I think you should be warned, however, that is not THE interpretation of Rizals poem (indeed, it is an interp retation of a translation, which may or may not accurately reflect the originalespecially with its carefully, but somewhat laboriously rhymed stanzas, ABBA). Therefore, this is MY interpretation. There will be as many as there are readers, and ones written interpretation never adequately conveys ones experience of the poemwhich will always be beyond words. It is, furthermore, alone AN interpretation. There will be as many others as there are readers. I am curious what is YOUR interpretation. Thats whats important to you. I hope mine may have been accommodating to you, but it cannot be definitive.ReasonMi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration)-was dedicated to his mother on her birthday.He was de sparkleed to see his mother, Doa Teodora Alonso, released from prison that same year so he dedicated the poem to her.Interpretation of My last FarewellInterpretationThe first stanza speaks about Rizals beautiful description of his Fatherland. He used the biblical Eden to describe the Pre-Hispanic Philippines which is an imaginary time of purity and innocence. He adores the beautiful country that he and others are fighting for. He said that he is glad to give his life to Filipinas even though his life was brighter, fresher, or more blest than it is now pertaining to the time when he wrote the poem.The second stanza speaks about the men who gave their life to his beloved country. Rizal said that their dedication and patriotism to the country is without second thoughts. It doesnt matter how one struggles, that all struggles, all deaths, are worth it if it is for the good of the country.The third stanza speaks about Rizals love of liberty. The image of dawn that Rizal used in the first line signifies the liberation that he adores. In the third and after part line, he says that if the colour of liberation lacks his blood, he must die for the country to attain freedom.The fourth stanza presents the flashback of Rizals love for the patria that started when he was you ng. He was young when he saw the martyrdom of the GOMBURZA and promised that he would dedicate himself to visit one day for those victims. His dreams were to see his country in eminent liberation, free from sorrow and grief.The fifth stanza repeats Rizals dream of complete liberation. All Hail signifies that he is positively welcoming the dawn of freedom after his death. He also repeats what he has said in the third stanza that it is his desire to dedicate his life to the Patria.The 6th stanza describes the image of Rizals grave being forgotten someday. The grassy sod may represent the countrys development, the growth of liberty, and that with the repurchase of the country, he becomes forgotten. Rizal does not say here that he wants monuments, streets, or schools in his name, just a fond kiss and a warm breath so he could feel he is not forgotten.In the seventh stanza, Rizal says he wants to see or feel the moon, dawn, wind, and a bird over his grave. The moons beam may represent a night without its gloom like a country without its oppressors. The imagery of dawn has been repeated here and its radiant flashes represent the shining light of redemption that sheds over his honour. Only the wind will rue over his grave. The bird does not lament him but sings of peace, the peace that comes with liberation and the peace with which he rests below.In the eighth stanza, the metaphor of the sun draftsmanship the vapors up to the sky signifies that the earth is being cleansed by the sun like taking by the sorrows and tears that has shed including his last cry. Line 3 reminds us to remember why he died for the redemption of the country. And he wants to hear a prayer in the still evening evening because he may also want to see a beam of light from the moon which he stated in the stanza 7, and that it is to begin with the dawn. Prayers he stated that will make him rest in peace in Gods hands.Rizal said in the ninth stanza that he also wants his fellowmen to also pra y for others who also have died and suffered for the country. Also pray for the mothers, the orphans and widows, and the captives who also have cried and have tortured, and again, for his soul to rest in peace.The tenth stanza says that Rizals tomb is on the graveyard with the other dead people. Rizal says that in the night, he does not want to be disturbed in his rest along with the others and the mystery the graveyard contains. And whenever we hear a sad song emanating from the grave, it is he who sings for his fatherland.In the eleventh stanza, Rizal says a request that his ashes be spread by the plough before it will no longer take significance. His ashes represent his thoughts, words, and philosophy devising it his intellectual remains. The symbolic ashes should be spread all over Filipinas to fertilize the new free country long after he is forgotten.The twelfth stanza again speaks about being forgotten but Rizal does not care about it anymore. oblivion does not matter for he would travel far and wide over his beloved fatherland. He keeps his assent with him as he sings his hymn for the nation.Rizal says good-bye to his adored Fatherland in the thirteenth stanza. He gives goodbye to his parents, friends, and the small children. He gives everything to Filipinas. Now, he satisfies his death by saying he will be going away to a place where there is peace no slaves, no oppressors, no killed faith. He is going to a place where God rules over not the tyrants.Finally, in the last stanza, Rizal cries his farewell to all his fellowmen his puerility friends, and his sweet friend that lightened his way. In the last line, he repeats that In Death there is rest which means that he, being ready to be executed, is happy to die in peace.ReasonAs the name (which Rizal himself did not give) suggests, this chauvinistic poem was Rizals final farewell to the land he so adored before being executed by firing squad. Since he arranged to have it delivered to his sister N arcisa he did intend that it should be published. Presumably it was intended to serve as a rallying cry to his fellow patriots who opposed the Spanish subjugation.Rizal dedicated this poem to his dear fatherlandJose Rizal talks about his Goodbyes to his dear Fatherland where his love is dedicated to. He wrote it on the evening before his execution.Interpreation of to the Filipino youth In the poem Rizal praises the benefits that Spain had bestowed upon the Philippines. Rizal had frequently pictured the renowned Spanish explorers, generals and kings in the most patriotic manner. He had pictured Education (brought to the Philippines by Spain) as the breath of life instilling charming virtue. He had written of one of his Spanish teachers as having brought the light of the eternal impressiveness. In this poem, however, it is the Filipino Youth who are the protagonists, whose prodigious genius making use of that education to advance the future, was the Bella esperanza de la Patria Mia (beautiful hope of the motherland).Spain, with Pious and wise hand offered a peaks resplendent band, offers to the sons of this Indian land. In the poem Rizal praises the benefits that Spain had bestowed upon the Philippines. Rizal had frequently depicted the renowned Spanish explorers, generals and kings in the most patriotic manner. He had pictured Education (brought to the Philippines by Spain) as the breath of life instilling charming virtue. He had written of one of his Spanish teachers as having brought the light of the eternal splendor. In this poem, however, it is the Filipino Youth who are the protagonists, whose prodigious genius making use of that education to build the future, was the Bella esperanza de la Patria Mia (beautiful hope of the motherland). Spain, with Pious and wise hand offered a crowns resplendent band, offers to the sons of this Indian land.A la juventud filipina was written by Rizal when he was only eighteen years old, and was dedicated to the Filipino Y outh.Dr. Jose Rizal composed the peom, To The Filipino Youth, to the youth of the Philippines. He wanted the Filipino youth to use their abilities and skills to excel not only for their success but also for the success of the country. Dr. Jose Rizal wanted us to develop our talents and use them to friend those who are in need.Interpretation of They ask a versesHe wrote this because he was actually asked for verses. He reminisced his childhood days. It can be seen in the poem how he missed the Philippines very much and how painful it is for him to collapse his motherland.

How Time Flies

Non- organisational giving medication From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation, search non presidential termal composition redirects here. For different economic consumptions, see nongovernmental organization (disambiguation). This article may shoot to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedias quality standards. You put up help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (January 2012) A non-governmental organization (nongovernmental organization) is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any form of government.The condition originated from the unite Nations (UN), and is unremarkably use to refer to organizations that atomic number 18 not a component of the government and atomic number 18 not constituted for-profit business. In the causal agents in which nongovernmental organizations argon funded totally or conk outially by governments, the nongovernmental organization chief( prenominal)tains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization. The term is usually applied only to organizations that pursue enormousr br separately aims that shit governmental aspects, but argon not openly governmental organizations such(prenominal) as political parties. The count of nongovernmental organizations operating in the United States is estimated at 40,000. 1 multinational flecks atomic number 18 even uplifteder Russia has 277,000 nongovernmental organizations2 India is estimated to go for around 3. 3 million NGOs in year 2009, which is just over iodine NGO per four hundred Indians, and umpteen times the number of primary schools and primary goodness centres in India. 34 Contents * 1 comment * 2 Types * 2. 1 growing, Environment and Human Rights NGOs * 2. 2 Track II Diplomacy * 3 Activities * 3. 1 Operational * 3. 2 campaign * 3. 3 Both * 3. 4 normal traffic * 3. 5 forecast management * 4 Co rporate structure * 4. 1 Staffing * 4. Funding * 4. 3 Overhead costs * 4. 4 Monitoring and control * 5 History * 6 Legal status * 7 Critiques * 7. 1 Challenges to authenticity * 8 See in homogeneous manner * 9 References * 10 Further reading * 11 External cerebrate Definition NGOs are difficult to define and classify, and the term NGO is not used consistently. As a result, in that location are numerous different classifications in use. The most joint use a frame throw that includes taste and level of operation. An NGOs orientation refers to the pillow slip of activities it takes on. These activities expertness include homophile rights, environmental, or evelopment stimulate. An NGOs level of operation indicates the overcome at which an organization works, such as local, transnational or national. Con precedinging the Classification Problem Toward a Taxonomy of NGOs bingle of the earliest mentions of the acronym NGO was in 1945, when the UN was created. The UN, which i s an inter-governmental organization, made it possible for authentic approved specialized multinational non-state agencies or non-governmental organisations to be awarded observer status at its assemblies and some of its meetings. Later the term became used more than widely.Today, jibe to the UN, any kind of cliquish organization that is independent from government control can be termed an NGO, provided it is not-profit, non-criminal and not simply an opposition political party. Professor jibe Willetts, from the University of London, argues the definition of NGOs can be interpret differently by various organizations and depending on a situations context. He defines an NGO as an independent volunteer(prenominal) tie beam of muckle acting together on a continuous home for some common answer other than achieving government office, making notes or illegal activities. 5 In this view, two main types of NGOs are recognized according to the activities they pursue operational NGOs that deliver swear outs and candidature NGOs. Although Willetts proposes the operational and campaigning NGOs as a tool to differentiate the main activities of these organizations, he also explains that a single NGO may oft be engaged in both activities. Many NGOs also see them as mutually reinforcing. Professor Akira Iriye defines NGO as a voluntary nonstate, non-profit-making, nonreligious, and nonmilitary association. 6 Types whatever find it helpful to classify NGOs by orientation and/ Professional association * Empowering orientation NGO type by level of co-operation * Community-based organization * City-wide organization * National NGO * external NGO Apart from NGO, in that location are many alternative or overlapping terms in use, including third domain organization (TSO), non-profit organization (NPO), voluntary organization (VO), cultured society organization (CSO), grassroots organization (GO), social movement organization (SMO), private voluntary organization (PVO), self-help organization (SHO) and non-state actors (NSAs).Non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group. As a result, a long (and sometimes confusing or comical) list of additional acronyms has developed, including * BINGO, inadequate for business-friendly supranationalistic NGO or big supranationalistic NGO * TANGO, adept assistance NGO * TSO, third welkin organization * GONGO, government-operated NGOs (set up by governments to aim like NGOs in golf club to qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of government) * DONGO Donor organize NGO INGO stands for worldwide NGO Oxfam, INSPAD,7 Institute of Peace and schooling A European Think army tank For Peace Initiatives * QUANGOs are quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations, such as the external Organization for Standardization (ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely an NGO, since its membership is by nation, and each nation is represented by what the ISO Council determines to be the most bro adly representative standardisation body of a nation.That body might itself be a nongovernmental organization for example, the United States is represented in ISO by the American National Standards Institute, which is independent of the federal government. However, other countries can be represented by national governmental agencies this is the trend in Europe. ) * National NGO A non-governmental organization that exists only in one coun seek. This term is rare due to the globoseization of non-governmental organizations, which causes an NGO to exist in more than one country. 5 * CSO, short for civil society organization ENGO short for environmental NGO, such as Greenpeace and WWF * NNGO, short for Yankee nongovernmental organization * SNGO, short for sulfurern nongovernmental organization * SCO, also kn take as social change organizations * TNGO, transnational NGO The term step forwardd during the 1970s due to the increase of environmental and economic issues in the global comm unity. TNGO includes non-governmental organizations that are not wrapped to only one country, but exist in two or more countries. * GSO Grassroots offer Organization * MANGO short for market advocacy NGO NGDO non-governmental ontogeny organization USAID refers to NGOs as private voluntary organizations. However, many scholars micturate argued that this definition is highly problematic as many NGOs are in fact state and corporate funded and managed go outs with professional staff. citation fateed NGOs exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of their members or funders. Examples include improving the state of the natural environment, encouraging the observance of human race rights, improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agenda.However, on that point are a huge number of such organizations and their goals cover a broad range of political and philosophical positions. This can also soft be applied to priv ate schools and athletic organizations. Development, Environment and Human Rights NGOs NGOs are organizations that work in many different fields, but the term is generally associated with those seeking social transformation and rectifyments in quality of life. Development NGOs is the most highly visible sector, and includes both global and local organizations, as well as those on the job(p) in humanitarian emergency sector.Many are associated with international aid and voluntary donation, but there are also NGOs that choose not to take funds from donors and try to generate funding in other ways, such as selling handicrafts or charging for services. Environmental NGOs are another sub-sector, and sometimes overlap with development NGOs. An example is Greenpeace. (see List of Environmental NGOs). Just like other NGOs networks, transnational environmental networks might convey a variety of benefits in sharing information with other organizations, campaigning towards an issue, and ex changing contact information.Since international environmental NGOs advocate for different issues like familiar goods, such as pollution in the air, deforestation of areas and water system issues, it is more difficult for them to give their campaigns a human pillow slip than NGOs campaigning directly for human rights issues. whatever of the earliest forms of transnational environmental NGOs started to appear after the Second humanness War with the creation of the internationalistic Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).After the UN was formed in 1945, more environmental NGO started to emerge in order to address more specific environmental issues. In 1946, the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was created with the purpose of advocating and representing scientific issues and collaborationism among environmental NGOs. In 1969, the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) was funded to increase and improv e collaboration among environmentalists. This collaboration was later reinforced and stimulated with the creation of UNESCOs Man and the Biosphere Program in 1971.In 1972, the UN assembly on the Human Environment in Stockholm, tried to address the issues on Swedens p tone down for international intervention on trans-boundary pollution from other European industrialise nations. transnational environmental NGOs have taken on diverse issues around the globe, but one of the best-known cases involving the work of environmental NGOs can be traced approve to Brazil during the 1980s. The United States got involved with deforestation concerns due to the allegations of environmentalists dictating deforestation to be a global concern, and after 1977 the U.S. Foreign Assistance Act added an Environmental and Natural Resources section. Human rights NGOs may also overlap with those in development, but are another distinct category. Amnesty planetary is by chance one of the best-known. Durin g the early 1980s the Brazilian government created the Polonoreste exploitation plan, which the domain rely agreed to finance. The Polonoreste weapons platform aimed to urbanized areas of the amazon, which were already occupied by local endemical groups.Rapid deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon called the attention and intervention of UNESCO, who utilized its Program on Man and the Biosphere to advocate against the Polonoreste program, on the grounds of violating the rights of the indigenous groups living in the Amazon. In the case of deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon, the environment NGOs were able to put force on the adult male Bank to cancel the loans for the Polonoreste program. Due to the leverage that the U. S. has over the bank, in 1985 the homo Bank suspended the financial aid to the Polonoreste Program.The work of environmental NGOs in the Brazilian case was successful because there was a point of leverage that made the targeted actor vulnerable to internati onal pressure. 8 Even though NGOs might have common goals relating to development or environment issues, interests and perspectives are diverse. A distinction can be made amidst the interests and goals among those NGOs located in industrialized countriesoften referred to as the states of the Northand NGOs from nations located in developing countriesreferred to as states of the South.There is sometimes tension between them. Southern states blame the developed nations for over-consumption and pollution resulting from industrialization, and for sustaining inequalities in the international economic system There is also a distinction among groups that take on contingent and specific socio-economic issues. The Womens Environment and Development Organization was created in 1990 with the purpose to advocate for gender comprehension in work related to the priming visor.Other groups might focus on issues that include racial minorities and individuals from pass up income backgrounds. 9 T rack II Diplomacy Main article Track II diplomacy Track II dialogue, or Track II diplomacy, is a transnational coordination that involves non-official members of the government including epistemic communities as well as former policy-makers or analysts. Track II diplomacy aims to get policymakers and policy analysts to come to a common solution through discussions by unofficial figures of the government.Unlike the Track I diplomacy where government officials, diplomats and elected leadinghip gather to talk about certain issues, Track II diplomacy consists of experts, scientists, professors and other figures that are not involved in government affairs. The members of Track II diplomacy usually have more immunity to exchange ideas and come up with compromise on their own. Activities There are also numerous classifications of NGOs. The typology the terra firma Bank uses divides them into Operational and Advocacy10 NGOs vary in their methods.Some act chiefly as lobbyists, while oth ers primarily conduct programs and activities. For instance, an NGO such as Oxfam, concerned with poverty alleviation, might provide motivey hatful with the equipment and skills to find food and clean drinking water, whereas an NGO like the FFDA helps through investigation and documentation of human rights violations and provides legal assistance to victims of human rights abuses. Others, such as Afghanistan Information Management Services, provide specialized technical products and services to support development activities implemented on the ground by other organizations.NGOs were intended to overindulge a gap in government services, but in countries like India, NGOs are gaining a goodly strong sway in decision making. In the interest of sustainability, most donors require that NGOs demonstrate a affinity with governments. State Governments themselves are vulnerable because they lack strategic planning and vision. They are accordingly sometimes tightly bound by a nexus of NG Os, political bodies, commercial organizations and major donors/funders, making decisions that have short term outputs but no long term affect.NGOs in India are under regulated, political, and recipients of braggy government and international donor funds. NGOs often take up responsibilities outside their skill ambit. Governments have no accession to the number of projects or amount of funding received by these NGOs. There is a pressing need to regulate this group while not curtailing their unique occasion as a supplement to government services. Operational Operational NGOs seek to achieve small scale change directly through projects. 5 They tantalise financial imagings, materials and volunteers to create localized programs in the field.They hold large scale fundraising events, apply to governments and organizations for grants and contracts in order to facelift money for projects. They often operate in a hierarchical structure with a main headquarters staffed by professionals w ho plan projects, create computes, keep accounts, report, and communicate with operational fieldworkers who work directly on projects5 Operational NGOs deal with a wide range of issues, but are most often associated with the obstetrical pitch shot of services and welfare, emergency relief and environmental issues.Operational NGOs can be further categorized, one frequently used categorization is the variation into relief-oriented versus development-oriented organizations they can also be classified according to whether they stress service delivery or participation or whether they are religious or secular and whether they are more public or private-oriented. Operational NGOs can be community-based, national or international. The defining military action of operational NGOs is implementing projects. 5 Campaigning Campaigning NGOs seek to achieve large scale change promoted indirectly through do work of the political system. 5 Campaigning NGOs need an efficient and effective group of professional members who are able to keep supporters informed, and motivated. They must(prenominal) plan and host demonstrations and events that give keep their cause in the media. They must maintain a large informed network of supporters who can be mobilized for events to garner media attention and influence policy changes. The defining activity of campaigning NGOs is holding demonstrations. 5 Campaigning NGOs often deal with issues relating to human rights, womens rights, childrens rights. The primary purpose of an Advocacy NGO is to defend or promote a specific cause.As opposed to operational project management, these organizations typically try to raise awareness, acceptance and knowledge by lobbying, press work and activist event. Both It is not whimsical for NGOs to make use of both activities. Many times, operational NGOs will use campaigning techniques if they continually face the same issues in the field that could be remedied through policy changes. At the same time , Campaigning NGOs, like human rights organizations often have programs that assist the individual victims they are trying to help through their advocacy work. 5 Public relationsNon-governmental organizations need healthy family relationships with the public to meet their goals. Foundations and charities use sophisticated public relations campaigns to raise funds and employ standard lobbying techniques with governments. Interest groups may be of political importance because of their ability to influence social and political outcomes. A code of ethics was established in 2002 by The World stand of Non Governmental NGOs. Project management There is an increasing awareness that management techniques are crucial to project success in non-governmental organizations. 11 Generally, non-governmental organizations that are private have either a community or environmental focus. They address varieties of issues such as religion, emergency aid, or humanitarian affairs. They mobilize public s upport and voluntary contributions for aid they often have strong links with community groups in developing countries, and they often work in areas where government-to-government aid is not possible. NGOs are accepted as a part of the international relations landscape, and while they influence national and multilateral policy-making, increasingly they are more directly involved in local action. Corporate structureStaffing Some NGOs are highly professionalized and rely in the main on paid staff. Others are based around voluntary labour and are less formalized. Not all tribe workings for non-governmental organizations are volunteers. Many NGOs are associated with the use of international staff working in developing countries, but there are many NGOs in both North and South who rely on local employees or volunteers. There is some dispute as to whether expatriates should be sent to developing countries. Frequently this type of personnel department is employed to satisfy a donor who wants to see the supported project managed by someone from an industrialized country.However, the expertise these employees or volunteers may be counterbalanced by a number of factors the cost of foreigners is typically higher, they have no grassroot connections in the country they are sent to, and local expertise is often undervalued. 10 The NGO sector is an important employer in terms of numbers. citation needed For example, by the end of 1995, CONCERN worldwide, an international Northern NGO working against poverty, employed 174 expatriates and just over 5,000 national staff working in ten developing countries in Africa and Asia, and in Haiti. FundingWhether the NGOs are small or large, various NGOs need budgets to operate. The amount of budget that they need would differ from NGOs to NGOs. Unlike small NGOs, large NGOs may have annual budgets in the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars. For instance, the budget of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) was ove r US$540 million in 1999. 12 Funding such large budgets demands of import fundraising efforts on the part of most NGOs. Major sources of NGO funding are membership dues, the sale of goods and services, grants from international institutions or national governments, and private donations.Several EU-grants provide funds accessible to NGOs. Even though the term non-governmental organization implies independence from governments, many NGOs depend heavily on governments for their funding. 13 A quarter of the US$162 million income in 1998 of the famine-relief organization Oxfam was donated by the British government and the EU. The Christian relief and development organization World muckle United States collected US$55 million worth of goods in 1998 from the American government.Nobel Prize winner Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) (known in the USA as Doctors Without Borders) gets 46% of its income from government sources. 14 Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according to David Rieff, writing in The unfermented Republic, the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter. 15 Some NGOs, such as Greenpeace do not accept funding from governments or intergovernmental organizations. 1617 Overhead costs Overhead is the amount of money that is spent on running an NGO rather than on projects. 18 This includes office expenses,18 salaries, banking and bookkeeping costs. What percentage of general budget is spent on command processing hit is often used to judge an NGO with less than 10% being viewed as good. 18 The World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations states that ideally more than 80% should be spent on programs (less than 20% on budget items). 19 The orbiculate Fund to Fig ht AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria has specific guidelines on how high overhead can be to receive funding based on how the money is to be spent with overhead often needing to be less than 5-7%. 20 While the World Bank typically allows 10%. 21 A high percentage of overhead to total expenditures can make it more difficult to generate funds. 22 High overhead costs may also generate criticism with some claiming the certain NGOs with high overhead are being run simply to benefit the people working for them. 23 Monitoring and control In a March 2000 report on United Nations Reform priorities, former U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan wrote in upgrade of international humanitarian intervention, arguing that the international community has a right to protect24 citizens of the world against ethnical cleansing, genocide, and crimes against humanity. On the heels of the report, the Canadian government launched the Responsibility to Protect R2P25 project, outlining the issue of humanitarian inte rvention. While the R2P doctrine has wide applications, among the more controversial has been the Canadian governments use of R2P to justify its intervention and support of the coup in Haiti. 26 historic period after R2P, the World Federalist Movement, an organization which supports the creation of democratic global structures accountable to the citizens of the world and call for the division of international causationity among separate agencies, has launched Responsibility to Protect Engaging accomplished Society (R2PCS). A collaboration between the WFM and the Canadian government, this project aims to bring NGOs into lockstep with the principles outlined under the original R2P project.The governments of the countries an NGO works or is registered in may require coverage or other monitoring and oversight. Funders generally require reporting and assessment, such information is not necessarily publicly available. There may also be associations and guard dog organizations that re search and publish details on the actions of NGOs working in particular geographic or program areas. citation needed In recent years, many large corporations have change magnitude their corporate social responsibility departments in an attempt to preempt NGO campaigns against certain corporate practices.As the logic goes, if corporations work with NGOs, NGOs will not work against corporations. In December 2007, The United States Department of Defense Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs) S. Ward Casscells established an foreign Health Division under Force Health Protection & Readiness. 27 Part of International Healths delegation is to communicate with NGOs in areas of mutual interest. Department of Defense Directive 3000. 05,28 in 2005, requires defence reaction to regard stability-enhancing activities as a mission of importance equal to combat.In compliance with international law, DoD has necessarily create a capacity to improve essential services in areas of conflict such as Iraq, where the customary lead agencies (State Department and USAID) find it difficult to operate. Unlike the co-option strategy described for corporations, the OASD(HA) recognizes the neutrality of health as an essential service. International Health cultivates collaborative relationships with NGOs, albeit at arms-length, recognizing their traditional independence, expertise and honest broker status.While the goals of DoD and NGOs may seem incongruent, the DoDs emphasis on stability and security to reduce and prevent conflict suggests, on safekeepingful analysis, important mutual interests. History International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least 1839. 29 It has been estimated that by 1914, there were 1083 NGOs. 30 International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for womens suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference. 31 However, the phrase non-governmental organization only came into universal use with the establishment of the United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter32 for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor member statessee Consultative Status. The definition of international NGO (INGO) is first given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950 it is defined as any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty.The vital role of NGOs and other major groups in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 2733 of Agenda 21, leading to intense arrangements for a consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations. 34 It has been observed that the number of INGO founded or dis solve matches the general state of the world, ascending in periods of growth and declining in periods of crisis. 35 Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries as a r esult of the processes of restructuring of the welfare state.Further globalization of that process occurred after the fall of the communist system and was an important part of the Washington consensus. 13 globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs. Many problems could not be solved deep down a nation. International treaties and international organizations such as the World Trade Organization were centred mainly on the interests of capitalist enterprises. In an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasize humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable development.A prominent example of this is the World Social meeting place, which is a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held annually in January in Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in January 2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs. 36 In terms of environmental issues and sustainable development, the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992 was the first to show the power of international NGOs, when about 2,400 representatives of NGOs came to play a commutation role in deliberations.Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the worthless. whatever the case, NGO transnational networking is now extensive. 37 Legal status The legal form of NGOs is diverse and depends upon homegrown variations in each countrys laws and practices. However, four main family groups of NGOs can be found worldwide38 * Unincorporated and voluntary association * Trusts, charities and foundations * Companies not just for profit Entities formed or registered under special NGO or nonprofit laws The Council of Europe in Strasbourg drafted the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations in 1986, which sets a common legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe. Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights protects the right to freedom of association, which is also a fundamental norm for NGOs. Critiques Stuart Becker provides the by-line summary of the primary critiques of NGOs Theres a debate that, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the poor.Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in a anti-Semite(a) manner in Third World countries and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during the colonial era. Philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics. 39 Issa G. Shivji is one of Africas leading experts on law and development issues as an author and academic. His critique on NGOs is found in two essays calm downs in NGO discourse The role and upcoming of NGOs in Africa and Reflections on NGOs in Tanzania What we are, what we are not and what we ought to be.Shivji argues that despite the good intentions of NGO leaders and activists, he is critical of the objective effects of actions, regardless of their intentions. 40 Shivji argues also that the sudden rise of NGOs are part of a neoliberal paradigm rather than pure altruistic motivations. He is critical of the current manifestations of NGOs wanting to change the world without understanding it, and that the imperial relationship continues today with the rise of NGOs. James Pfeiffer, in his case study of NGO involvement in Mozambique, speaks to the negative effects that NGOs have had on areas of health within the country.He argues that over the last decade, NGOs in Mozambique have fragmented the local health system, undermined local control of health programs, and contributed to growing local social inequality 41 He notes further that NGOs can be uncoordinated, creating parallel projects among different organizations, that pull health service workers away from their routine duties in order to serve the interests of the NGOs. This last undermines local primary health care efforts, and takes away the governments ability to maintain agency over their own health sector. 42 J. Pfeiffer suggested a upstart model of collaboration between the NGO and the DPS (the Mozambique Provincial Health Directorate). He mentioned the NGO should be formally held to standard and adherence within the host country, for example reduce showcase projects and parallel programs that proves to be unsustainable. 43 Jessica Mathews once wrote in Foreign Affairs in 1997 For all their strengths, NGOs are special interests. The best of them often suffer from tunnel vision, judging every public act by how it affects their particular interest. 44 Since NGOs do have to worry about policy trade-offs, the overall impact of their cause might bring more harm to society. 45 Vijay Prashad argues that from the 1970s The World Bank, under Robert McNamara, championed the NGO as an alternative to the state, leaving intact global and regional relations of power and prod uction. 46 Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist47 in nature, that they sometimes operate in a racialized manner in third world countries, and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during the high colonial era.The philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics. 48 Popular movements in the global South such as, for instance, the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign in South Africa have sometimes refused to work with NGOs arguing that this will compromise their autonomy. 4950 Another criticism of NGOs is that they are being designed and used as extensions of the normal foreign-policy instruments of certain Western countries and groups of countries. 51 Russian President Vladimir Putin made this accusation at the 43rd Munich Conference on earnest policy in 2007, concluding that these NGOs are formally independent but they are purposefully financed and therefore under control. 52 Also, Michael Bond wrote Most large NGOs, such as Oxfam, the Red Cross, Cafod and Action Aid, are try to make their aid provision more sustainable. But some, mostly in the US, are still merchandise the ideologies of their backers. 53 Indeed, whether the NGOs are adiding for evangelical purposes or their ideological intentions, various NGOs are examined and accused of their nature.There has also been the overwhelming possibility of NGOs using white lies or misinformed advise to enact their campaigns. In other words, NGOs have been quite sottish about critical issues because, as chief scientist at Greenpeace Doug Parr claims, these organizations have lost their efforts in being trully scientific and are now more self-interested. Rather than operating through science so as to be rationally and effectively practical, NGOs are now abusing the utilization of science in order to gain their own advantages.In the beginning, as Parr indicated, there was a tendency among our critics to say that science is the only decision-making too l . . . but political and commerical interests are using science as a cover for getting their way. 54 At the same time, NGOs have shown themselves not to be very cooperative with other groups, as the previous policy-maker for the German branch of Friends of the Earth Jens Katjek acknowledged. If NGOs want the best for the environment, he says, they have to learn to compromise. 55 Challenges to legitimacy The issue of the legitimacy of NGOs raises a series of important questions.This is one of the most important assets possessed by an NGO, it is gained through a perception that they are an independent voice. 5657 Their archetype also emerges as an important question. Who bestows responsibilities to NGOs or INGOs and how do they gain the representation of citizens and civil society is still not scrutinized thoroughly. For instance, in the article, it is stated, To put the point starkly are the citizens of countries of the South and their demand represented in global civil society, or are citizens as well as their needs constructed by practices of representation?And when we realize that INGOs hardly ever come face to face with the people whose interests and problems they represent, or that they are not accountable to the people they represent, matters become even more troublesome. 58 Moreover, the legitimacy and the answerableness of NGOs on the point of their true nature are also emerging as important issues. several(a) perceptions and images on NGOs are provided, and usually implemented in an image as non-state actors or influential representatives of civil society that advocate the citizen. Accountability may be able to provide this and also be able to assist activities by providing focus and direction59 As non-state actors with considerable influence over the governance in many areas, concerns have been expressed over the extent to which they represent the views of the public and the extent to which they allow the public to hold them to account. 60 The origin of funding can have serious implications for the legitimacy of NGOs. In recent decades NGOs have increased their numbers and range of activities to a level where they have become increasingly dependent on a limited number of donors. 60 Consequently competition has increased for funding, as have the expectations of the donors themselves. 61 This runs the risk of donors adding conditions which can adventure the independence of NGOs, an over-dependence on official aid has the potential to dilute the willingness of NGOs to speak out on issues which are unpopular with governments. 57 In these situations NGOs are being held accountable by their donors, which can erode rather than rise their legitimacy, a difficult challenge to overcome. Some commentators have also argued that the changes in where NGOs receive their funding has ultimately altered their functions. 57 NGOs have also been challenged on the grounds that they do not necessarily represent the needs of the developing wor ld, through diminishing the so-called Southern Voice. Some postulate that the North-South division exists in the arena of NGOs. 62 They question the equality of the relationships between Northern and Southern parts of the same NGOs as well as the relationships between Southern and Northern NGOs working in partnerships. This suggests a division of labour may develop, with the North taking the lead in advocacy and resource mobilisation whilst the South engages in service delivery in the developing world. 62 The potential implications of this may mean that the needs of the developing world are not addressed appropriately as Northern NGOs do not properly consult or participate in partnerships. The real danger in this situation is that western views may take the front seat and assign unrepresentative priorities. 63 The flood of NGOs has also been accused of damaging the public sector in multiple developing countries. The mismanagement of NGOs has resulted in the break down of public heal th care systems.Instead of promoting equity and alleviating poverty, NGOs have been under scrutiny for contributing to socioeconomic inequality and disempowering the services in the public sector of third world countries. 64 The scale and variety of activities in which NGOs participate has grown rapidly since the 1980s, witnessing particular elaboration in the 1990s. 65 This has presented NGOs with need to balance the pressures of centralisation and decentralisation. By centralising NGOs, particularly those that operate at an international level, they can assign a common theme or set of goals.Conversely it is also advantageous to deconcentrate as this increases the chances of an NGO behaving flexibly and effectively to localised issues. 66 See also * gentle organization * civilised society * Community foundation * NGO-isation * Non-governmental organizations by country * Non-profit organization * Not just for profit * occupational health and safety * Track II diplomacy Reference s 1. Anheier et al. , Global Civil Society 2001, 2001 2. Hobbled NGOs wary of Medvedev. pelf Tribune. May 7, 2008. 3. India More NGOs, than schools and health centres. OneWorld. net. July 7, 2010.Retrieved 2011-10-07. 4. First official estimate An NGO for every 400 people in India. The Indian Express. July 7, 2010. 5. a b c d e f g h Willetts, Peter. What is a Non-Governmental Organization? . UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems. City University London. Retrieved 18 July 2012. 6. Iriye, Akira (2004). Global community the role of international organizations in the making of the contemporary world (1. paperback print. ed. ). Berkeley, Calif. u. a. Univ. of California public press. ISBN9780520231283. 7. inspad. org 8. Keck and Sikkink. Environmental Advocacy Networks.Books. google. com. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 9. McCormick, John. The portion of Environmental NGOs in International Regimes. Books. google. com. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 10. a b World Bank Criteria defining NGOdead link 11. 100 LSE. ac. uk, Mukasa, Sarah. are expatriate staff necessary in international development NGOs? A case study of an international NGO in Uganda. Publication of the Centre for Civil Society at London School of Economics. 2002, p. 1113. 12. Poll shows power of AIPAC drops slightly. Jewish stark nakeds hebdomadal of Northern California. 1999-12-19. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 13. a b Pawel Zaleski Global Non-governmental Administrative System Geosociology of the Third Sector, in Gawin, Dariusz Glinski, Piotr ed. Civil Society in the Making, IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006 14. Intractable difference of opinion Knowledge Base Project of the Conflict Research Consortium at the University of Colorado. dead link 15. NG-Uh-O The trouble with humanitarianism David Rieff, June 10, 2010, The New Republic 16. Sarah Jane Gilbert (2008-09-08). Harvard Business School, HBS Cases The Value of Environmental Activists. Hbswk. hbs. edu. Retrieved 011-12-20. 17. Greenpeace, Annu al Report 2008 (pdf) 18. a b c http//www. fundsforngos. org/budget-for-ngos/defining-terms-budget/ 19. Code of Ethics & Conduct for NGOs. Retrieved 11 April 2012. 20. National NGOs Serving as PRs Excluded from the Global Funds Policy on Percentage-Based Overhead Costs. 2012. 21. Kuby, Christopher Gibbs Claudia Fumo Thomas (1999). Nongovernmental organizations in World Bank supported projects a review (2. ed. ed. ). Washington, D. C. World Bank. pp. 21. ISBN978-0-8213-4456-9. 22. Crowther, edited by Guler Aras, David (2010).NGOs and social responsibility (1st ed. ed. ). Bingley, UK Emerald. pp. 121. ISBN978-0-85724-295-2. 23. Kassahun, Samson (2004). Social capital for synergic partnership development of poor localities in urban Ethiopia (1. Aufl. ed. ). Gottingen Cuvillier. pp. 153. ISBN978-3-86537-222-2. 24. 1dead link 25. 2dead linkPDF(434KB) 26. Engler, Fenton, Yves, Anthony (2005). Canada in Haiti Waging War on the Poor Majority. Vancouver, Winnipeg RED Publishing. p. 120. ISBN978-1-55266-168-0. Retrieved 2011-10-30. 27. OSD. mil 28. http//www. dtic. mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300005p. df 29. The climbing and Fall of Transnational Civil Society The Evolution of International Non-Governmental Organizations since 1839. By T. R. Davies City University London working(a) Paper. Steve Charnovitz, Two Centuries of fellowship NGOs and International Governance, naut mi ledger of International Law, Winter 1997. 30. Subcontracting Peace The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding. change by Richmond, Oliver P. , and Carey, Henry F. Published by Ashgate, 2005. Page 21. 31. Davies, Thomas Richard (2007). The Possibilities of Transnational Activism the Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars.ISBN978-90-04-16258-7. 32. Charter of the United Nations Chapter Xdead link 33. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Agenda 21 Chapter 27 Strengthening the Role of Non-governmental Organizations Partners for Sustainable Developmen t, Earth Summit, 1992. Habitat. igc. org. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 34. 1996/31. Consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations. Un. org. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 35. Boli, J. and Thomas, G. M. (1997) World Culture in the World Polity A century of International Non-Governmental Organization.American Sociological Review. pp. 177 36. Bartlett, Lauren (2005). NGO modify. Human Rights Brief 12 (3) 4445. 37. Stone, Diane. Transfer Agents and Global Networks in the Transnationalisation of Policy, journal of European Public Policy. austiniskewl, 11(3) 2004 54566. 38. Grant B. Stillman (2007), Global Standard NGOs, Geneva Lulu, pp. 13-14. 39. Stuart Alan Becker (January 28, 2011). The definitive description of a non-government organisation. The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 40. Shivji, Issa G. (2007). Silence in NGO discourse the role and future of NGOs in Africa.Oxford, UK Fahamu. p. 84. ISBN978-0-9545637-5-2. 41. Pfeiffer, J. 2003. Inter national NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique the need for a new model of collaboration. Social scholarship & Medicine 56 (4)725. 42. Pfeiffer, J. 2003. International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique the need for a new model of collaboration. Social Science & Medicine 56 (4)725-738. 43. J. Pfeiffer. (2003). International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique the need for a new model of collaboration. Social Science & Medicine 56 (2003) 725-738 44. Jessica T.Mathews (Jan. Feb. , 1997). Power Shift. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2012-06-01. 45. Bond, M. (2000) The Backlash against NGOs. cyclorama (magazine). 46. Mother Teresa A Communist View, Vijay Prashad, Australian Marxist Review, No. 40 August 1998 47. Abahlali baseMjondoloRethinking Public Participation from below, Critical Dialogue, 2006 48. See his Damming the Flood (Verso, London, 2007. ) 49. Building unity in diversity Social movement activism in the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign, Sophie Ol dfield & Kristian Stokke, 2004 50. Ashraf Cassiem South African Resistance Against Evictions, Marlon Crump, Poor Magazine, 2009 51. NGO The Guise of Innocence, by jennet OConnor, New Left Project, 2012 52. Putin, Vladimir (February 10, 2007). Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy (Speech). 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy. Munich, Germany. Retrieved February 28, 2012. 53. Bond, Michael. The Backlash against NGOs. Prospect, April 2000, pp. 321. bring out 54. Bond, Michael. The Backlash against NGOs. Prospect, April 2000, pp. 323. Print 55. Bond, Michael. The Backlash against NGOs. Prospect, April 200, pp. 323. Print 56. Weber, N. and Christopherson, T. (2002) The influence of non-givernmental organisations on the creation of Natura 2000 during the European policy process. Forest policy and Economics. 4(1), pp. 1-12. 57. a b c Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (2002) NGO Performance and Accountability Introduction and Overview. In E dwards, M. and Hulme, D. , ed. 2002. The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management. UK Earthscan Publications Ltd. Chapter 11. 58. Neera Chandhoke. (2005) How Global Is Global Civil Society? Journal of World-Systems Research, 11, 2, 2005, pp. 326-327. 59. Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (2002) Beyond the Magic Bullet? Lessons and Conclusions. In Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. , ed. 2002. The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management. UK Earthscan Publications Ltd. Chapter 12. 60. a b Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (1996) Too Close for comfort? The impact of official aid on Non-Governmental Organisations. World Development. 24(6), pp. 961-973. 61. Ebrahim, A. (2003) Accountability in practice Mechanisms for NGOs. World Development. 31(5), pp. 813-829. 62. a b Lindenberg, M. and Bryant, C. 2001) Going GlobalTransforming Relief and Development NGOs. Bloomfield Kumarian Press. 63. Jenkins, R. (2001) Corporate Codes of Conduct Self-Regulation in a Global Economy. Technology, Business and Society Programme P aper turn of events 2. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. 64. Pfeiffer, J. 2003. International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique the need for a new model of collaboration. Social Science Medicine 56(4)725-738. 65. Avina, J. (1993) The Evolutionary Life Cycles if Non-Governmental Development Organisations. Public Administration and Development. 13(5), pp. 53-474. 66. Anheier, H. and Themudo, N. (2002) Organisational forms of global civil society Implications of going global. In Anheier, H. Glasius, M. Kaldor, M, ed 2002. Further reading * foretoken Butler, with Thulani Ndlazi, David Ntseng, Graham Philpott, and Nomusa Sokhela. NGO Practice and the Possibility of Freedom Church Land Programme, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa 2007 Churchland. co. zadead link * Olivier Berthoud, NGOs Somewhere between Compassion, Profitability and Solidarity Envio. org. ni, PDF Edinter. net Envio, Managua, 2001 * Terje Tvedt, 19982/2003 Angels of Mercy or Developme nt Diplomats.NGOs Foreign Aid, Oxford James Currey * Steve W. Witt, ed. Changing Roles of NGOs in the Creation, Storage, and airing of Information in Developing Countries (Saur, 2006). ISBN 3-598-22030-8 * Cox, P. N. Shams, G. C. Jahn, P. Erickson and P. Hicks. 2002. Building collaboration between NGOs and agricultural research institutes. Cambodian Journal of Agriculture 6 1-8. IRRI. orgdead link * Ann Florini, ed. The Third Force The Rise of Transnational Civil Society (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Japan Center for International Exchange, 2001). Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders Advocacy Networks in International government. Cornell University Press * Rodney Bruce Hall, and Biersteker, Thomas. The outcome of Private Authority in Global Governance (Cambridge Studies in International Relations, 2003) * Dorthea Hilhorst, The Real World of NGOs Discourses, mutation and Development, Zed Books, 2003 * Joan Roelofs, Foundations and P ublic Policy The Mask of Pluralism (Albany State University of New York Press, 2003). Ian Smillie, Minear, Larry, editors. The Charity of Nations Humanitarian Action in a Calculating World, Kumarian Press, 2004 * Simon Maxwell and Diane Stone. (eds) Global Knowledge Networks and International Development Bridges Across Boundaries (Routledge, 2005 I-xix 1-192). * Sidney Tarrow, The New Transnational Activism, New YorkCambridge University Press, 2005 * Thomas Ward, editor. Development, Social Justice, and Civil Society An Introduction to the Political Economy of NGOs, flawlessness House, 2005 * H. Teegen, 2003. International NGOs as Global Institutions Using Social Capital to Impact Multinational Enterprises and Governments, Journal of International Management. * Jennifer Brinkerhoff, Stephen C. Smith, and Hildy Teegen, NGOs and the Millennium Development Goals Citizen Action to Reduce Poverty, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. * S. Goonatilake. Recolonisation Foreign Funded NGOs in Sri Lan ka, Sage Publications 2006. * Teegen, H. Doh, J. , Vachani, S. , 2004. The importance of nongovernmental organisation in global governance and value creation an international business research agenda in Journal of International Business Studies.Washington Vol. 35, Iss. 6. * K. Rodman, (1998). Think Globally, Punish Locally Nonstate Actors, Multinational Corporations, and Human Rights Sanctions in Ethics in International Affairs, vol. 12. * Grant B. Stillman (2006), NGO Law and Governance a resource book, ADB Institute, Tokyo, ISBN 4-89974-013-1. More useful are regional histories and analyses of the experience of NGOs. Specific works (although this is by no means an exhaustive list) include * T. R. Davies, The Possibilities of Transnational Activism The Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars, Brill, 2007.ISBN 3-598-22030-8 * H. Englund, Prisoners of Freedom Human Rights & the Africa Poor, University of California Press, 2006 * Carrie Meyer, The Economics and Politics of NGOs in Latin America, Praeger Publishers, July 30, 1999 * Chhandasi Pandya. 2006. Private Authority and Disaster Relief The Cases of Post-Tsunami Aceh and Nias. Critical Asian Studies. Vol. 38, No. 2. Pg. 298-308. Routledge Press Taylor & Francis Group * Maha Abdelrahman, Civil Society Exposed The Politics of NGOs in Egypt, The American University in Cairo Press, 2004.Al-Ahram Weekly has done a review of the book. * Sangeeta Kamat, Development hegemony NGOs and The State in India, Delhi, New York Oxford University Press, 2002 * Adama Sow, Chancen und Risiken von NGOs Die Gewerkschaften in greaseball wahrend der Unruhen 2007 EPU Research Papers Issue 03/07, Stadtschlaining 2007 (German) * Lyal S. Sunga, Dilemmas facing INGOs in coalition-occupied Iraq, in Ethics in Action The ethical Challenges of International Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations, edited by Daniel A. Bell and Jean-Marc Coicaud, Cambridge Univ. and United Nations Univ.Press, 2007. * Lyal S. Sunga, NGO Inv olvement in International Human Rights Monitoring, International Human Rights Law and Non-Governmental Organizations (2005) 41-69. * Werker & Ahmed (2008) What do Non-Governmental Organizations do? * Steve Charnovitz, Two Centuries of Participation NGOs and International Governance, Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 18, Winter 1997, at 183-286. * Abahlali baseMjondolo Rethinking Public Participation from Below, Critical Dialogue, 2006 * Akpan S. M (2010) Establishment of Non-Governmental Organizations (In Press). Edward A. L. turner (2010) Why Has the Number of International Non-Governmental Organizations Exploded since 1960? , Cliodynamics, 1, (1). Retrieved from 3 * Eugene Fram & Vicki Brown, How Using the Corporate Model Makes a Nonprofit identity card More Effective & Efficient Third Edition (2011), Amazon Books, Create Space Books. The de facto reference resource for information and statistics on International NGOs (INGOs) and other transnational organisational for ms is the Yearbook of International Organizations, produced by the Union of International Associations. David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji (2009) Non-Governmental Organizations and Development. New York Routledge. * Issa G. Shivji (2007) Silence in NGO Discourse The Role and Future of NGOs in Africa. Nairobi Fahamu. * Jens Steffek and Kristina Hahn (2010) Evaluating Transnational NGOs Legitimacy, Accountability, Representation. New York Palgrave, Macmillan. External links * NGO Search NGO/IGO google custom search engine built by the Govt Documents Round Table (GODORT) of the American Library Association. * Interface journal special issue on NGOs * A brief history of Non-Governmental Organizations Historical Database of International NGOs * Duke University NGO Library * Global Policy Forum The site includes articles on a wide range of aspects of NGOs. * NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations * What is a Non-Governmental Organization? 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